Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1019-6439 Online ISSN: 1791-2423
Journal Cover
2014-February Volume 44 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
2014-February Volume 44 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Hepatic protection and anticancer activity of curcuma: A potential chemopreventive strategy against hepatocellular carcinoma

  • Authors:
    • Yan Li
    • Xue Shi
    • Jingwen Zhang
    • Xiang Zhang
    • Robert C.G. Martin
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA, Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
  • Pages: 505-513
    |
    Published online on: November 21, 2013
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.2184
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Malignant transformation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurs through repetitive liver injury in a context of inflammation and oxidative DNA damage. A spectrum of natural sesquiterpenoids from curcuma oil has displayed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. The aim of the study was to investigate the hepatoprotective and anti-HCC effects of curcuma oil in vivo and in vitro. Mice were pretreated with curcuma oil (100 mg/kg) for 3 days, then treated with Concanavalin A (30 mg/kg). The hepatic tissue was evaluated for histology, CD4+ cell, interferon-γ, apoptosis, lipid peroxidation, 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine and MnSOD. C57L/J mice were treated with curcuma oil and 107 Hepa1-6 cells directly inoculated into liver lobes. The effects of curcuma oil on cell growth and cell death were evaluated. In addition, MnSOD, HSP60, catalase, NF-κB and caspase-3 were also investigated in the Hepa1-6 cells treated with curcuma oil. Pretreatment with curcuma oil significantly attenuates inflammation and oxidative damage by Concanavalin A. Treatment with curcuma oil can decrease the incidence of HCC. Curcuma oil inhibits cell growth and induces cell death in Hepa1-6 cells. Curcuma protected mice with hepatic injury from inflammatory and oxidative stress. Curcuma oil can inhibit hepatoma cell growth in vivo and in vitro.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1. 

Farazi PA and DePinho RA: Hepatocellular carcinoma pathogenesis: from genes to environment. Nat Rev Cancer. 6:674–687. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2. 

Levrero M: Viral hepatitis and liver cancer: the case of hepatitis C. Oncogene. 25:3834–3847. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3. 

Moriya K, Nakagawa K, Santa T, et al: Oxidative stress in the absence of inflammation in a mouse model for hepatitis C virus-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 61:4365–4370. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

4. 

Moriya K, Fujie H, Shintani Y, et al: The core protein of hepatitis C virus induces hepatocellular carcinoma in transgenic mice. Nat Med. 4:1065–1067. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5. 

Koike K, Tsutsumi T, Miyoshi H, et al: Molecular basis for the synergy between alcohol and hepatitis C virus in hepatocarcinogenesis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 23. (Suppl 1): S87–S91. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6. 

Vali L, Hahn O, Kupcsulik P, et al: Oxidative stress with altered element content and decreased ATP level of erythrocytes in hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal liver metastases. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 20:393–398. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7. 

Zhao J, Chen J, Lu B, et al: TIP30 induces apoptosis under oxidative stress through stabilization of p53 messenger RNA in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res. 68:4133–4141. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8. 

Jee SH, Shen SC, Tseng CR, Chiu HC and Kuo ML: Curcumin induces a p53-dependent apoptosis in human basal cell carcinoma cells. J Invest Dermatol. 111:656–661. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9. 

Quiles JL, Mesa MD, Ramirez-Tortosa CL, et al: Curcuma longa extract supplementation reduces oxidative stress and attenuates aortic fatty streak development in rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 22:1225–1231. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar

10. 

Zhou X, Li Z, Liang G, Zhu J, Wang D and Cai Z: Analysis of volatile components of Curcuma sichuanensis X. X. Chen by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 43:440–444. 2007.

11. 

Li Y, Wo JM, Liu Q, Li X and Martin RC: Chemoprotective effects of Curcuma aromatica on esophageal carcinogenesis. Ann Surg Oncol. 16:515–523. 2009.

12. 

Li Y, Wo JM, Ellis S, Ray MB, Jones W and Martin RC: Morphological transformation in esophageal submucosa by bone marrow cells: esophageal implantation under external esophageal perfusion. Stem Cells Dev. 15:697–705. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

13. 

Xiao Y, Yang FQ, Li SP, Hu G, Lee SM and Wang YT: Essential oil of Curcuma wenyujin induces apoptosis in human hepatoma cells. World J Gastroenterol. 14:4309–4318. 2008.

14. 

Hastak K, Lubri N, Jakhi SD, et al: Effect of turmeric oil and turmeric oleoresin on cytogenetic damage in patients suffering from oral submucous fibrosis. Cancer Lett. 116:265–269. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15. 

Lee SK, Hong CH, Huh SK, et al: Suppressive effect of natural sesquiterpenoids on inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity in mouse macrophage cells. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 21:141–148. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

16. 

Ji M, Choi J, Lee J and Lee Y: Induction of apoptosis by ar-turmerone on various cell lines. Int J Mol Med. 14:253–256. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

17. 

Yue GG, Chan BC, Hon PM, et al: Immunostimulatory activities of polysaccharide extract isolated fromCurcuma longa. Int J Biol Macromol. 47:342–347. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18. 

Bower MR, Aiyer HS, Li Y and Martin RC: Chemoprotective effects of curcumin in esophageal epithelial cells exposed to bile acids. World J Gastroenterol. 16:4152–4158. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19. 

Schiffman SC, Li Y and Martin RC: The association of manganese superoxide dismutase expression in Barrett’s esophageal progression with MnTBAP and curcumin oil therapy. J Surg Res. 176:535–541. 2012.

20. 

Aiyer HS, Li Y and Martin RC: Diet composition affects surgery-associated weight loss in rats with a compromised alimentary tract. J Surg Res. 168:42–48. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21. 

Martin RC, Aiyer HS, Malik D and Li Y: Effect on pro-inflammatory and antioxidant genes and bioavailable distribution of whole turmeric vs curcumin: Similar root but different effects. Food Chem Toxicol. 50:227–231. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22. 

Wu H, Song Z, Hentzer M, et al: Synthetic furanones inhibit quorum-sensing and enhance bacterial clearance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in mice. J Antimicrob Chemother. 53:1054–1061. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23. 

Kroger A, Ortmann D, Krohne TU, et al: Growth suppression of the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Hepa1-6 by an activatable interferon regulatory factor-1 in mice. Cancer Res. 61:2609–2617. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

24. 

Ravindranath V and Chandrasekhara N: In vitro studies on the intestinal absorption of curcumin in rats. Toxicology. 20:251–257. 1981. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25. 

Fang JY, Hung CF, Chiu HC, Wang JJ and Chan TF: Efficacy and irritancy of enhancers on the in-vitro and in-vivo percutaneous absorption of curcumin. J Pharm Pharmacol. 55:11752003. View Article : Google Scholar

26. 

Wu W, Deng R and Ou Y: Therapeutic efficacy of microsphere-entrapped Curcuma aromatica oil infused via hepatic artery against transplanted hepatoma in rats. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 8:24–26. 2000.In Chinese.

27. 

Deng SG, Wu ZF, Li WY, et al: Safety of Curcuma aromatica oil gelatin microspheres administered via hepatic artery. World J Gastroenterol. 10:2637–2642. 2004.

28. 

Luo Q, Wang Y, Feng D, Xu Y and Xu L: Vasoactive intestinal peptide attenuates concanavalin A-mediated liver injury. Eur J Pharmacol. 607:226–233. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29. 

Jiang W, Sun R, Zhou R, Wei H and Tian Z: TLR-9 activation aggravates concanavalin A-induced hepatitis via promoting accumulation and activation of liver CD4+NKT cells. J Immunol. 182:3768–3774. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30. 

Jang MK, Lee HJ, Kim JS and Ryu JH: A curcuminoid and two sesquiterpenoids from Curcuma zedoaria as inhibitors of nitric oxide synthesis in activated macrophages. Arch Pharm Res. 27:1220–1225. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

31. 

Funk JL, Frye JB, Oyarzo JN, et al: Efficacy and mechanism of action of turmeric supplements in the treatment of experimental arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 54:3452–3464. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32. 

Tohda C, Nakayama N, Hatanaka F and Komatsu K: Comparison of anti-inflammatory activities of six Curcuma rhizomes: a possible curcuminoid-independent pathway mediated by Curcuma phaeocaulis extract. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 3:255–260. 2006.PubMed/NCBI

33. 

Tiegs G, Hentschel J and Wendel A: A T cell-dependent experimental liver injury in mice inducible by concanavalin A. J Clin Invest. 90:196–203. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34. 

Tiegs G: Cellular and cytokine-mediated mechanisms of inflammation and its modulation in immune-mediated liver injury. Z Gastroenterol. 45:63–70. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35. 

Hong F, Jaruga B, Kim WH, et al: Opposing roles of STAT1 and STAT3 in T cell-mediated hepatitis: regulation by SOCS. J Clin Invest. 110:1503–1513. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36. 

Rathore P, Dohare P, Varma S, et al: Curcuma oil: reduces early accumulation of oxidative product and is anti-apoptogenic in transient focal ischemia in rat brain. Neurochem Res. 33:1672–1682. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37. 

Ramirez-Tortosa MC, Mesa MD, Aguilera MC, et al: Oral administration of a turmeric extract inhibits LDL oxidation and has hypocholesterolemic effects in rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 147:371–378. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38. 

Asai A, Nakagawa K and Miyazawa T: Antioxidative effects of turmeric, rosemary and capsicum extracts on membrane phospholipid peroxidation and liver lipid metabolism in mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 63:2118–2122. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39. 

Miquel J, Bernd A, Sempere JM, Diaz-Alperi J and Ramirez A: The curcuma antioxidants: pharmacological effects and prospects for future clinical use. A review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 34:37–46. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40. 

Rajakrishnan V, Viswanathan P, Rajasekharan KN and Menon VP: Neuroprotective role of curcumin from Curcuma longa on ethanol-induced brain damage. Phytother Res. 13:571–574. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar

41. 

Cao J, Qi M, Fang L, Zhou S, Fu R and Zhang P: Solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of volatile compounds from Curcuma wenyujin Y.H. Chen et C. Ling. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 40:552–558. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42. 

Wu WY, Xu Q, Shi LC and Zhang WB: Inhibitory effects of Curcuma aromatica oil on proliferation of hepatoma in mice. World J Gastroenterol. 6:216–219. 2000.

43. 

Auyeung KK, Law PC and Ko JK: Astragalus saponins induce apoptosis via an ERK-independent NF-kappaB signaling pathway in the human hepatocellular HepG2 cell line. Int J Mol Med. 23:189–196. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Li Y, Shi X, Zhang J, Zhang X and Martin RC: Hepatic protection and anticancer activity of curcuma: A potential chemopreventive strategy against hepatocellular carcinoma . Int J Oncol 44: 505-513, 2014.
APA
Li, Y., Shi, X., Zhang, J., Zhang, X., & Martin, R.C. (2014). Hepatic protection and anticancer activity of curcuma: A potential chemopreventive strategy against hepatocellular carcinoma . International Journal of Oncology, 44, 505-513. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.2184
MLA
Li, Y., Shi, X., Zhang, J., Zhang, X., Martin, R. C."Hepatic protection and anticancer activity of curcuma: A potential chemopreventive strategy against hepatocellular carcinoma ". International Journal of Oncology 44.2 (2014): 505-513.
Chicago
Li, Y., Shi, X., Zhang, J., Zhang, X., Martin, R. C."Hepatic protection and anticancer activity of curcuma: A potential chemopreventive strategy against hepatocellular carcinoma ". International Journal of Oncology 44, no. 2 (2014): 505-513. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.2184
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Li Y, Shi X, Zhang J, Zhang X and Martin RC: Hepatic protection and anticancer activity of curcuma: A potential chemopreventive strategy against hepatocellular carcinoma . Int J Oncol 44: 505-513, 2014.
APA
Li, Y., Shi, X., Zhang, J., Zhang, X., & Martin, R.C. (2014). Hepatic protection and anticancer activity of curcuma: A potential chemopreventive strategy against hepatocellular carcinoma . International Journal of Oncology, 44, 505-513. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.2184
MLA
Li, Y., Shi, X., Zhang, J., Zhang, X., Martin, R. C."Hepatic protection and anticancer activity of curcuma: A potential chemopreventive strategy against hepatocellular carcinoma ". International Journal of Oncology 44.2 (2014): 505-513.
Chicago
Li, Y., Shi, X., Zhang, J., Zhang, X., Martin, R. C."Hepatic protection and anticancer activity of curcuma: A potential chemopreventive strategy against hepatocellular carcinoma ". International Journal of Oncology 44, no. 2 (2014): 505-513. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.2184
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team