Open Access

Clinical features of hemodialysis patients treated for hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparison between resection and radiofrequency ablation

  • Authors:
    • Atsushi Hiraoka
    • Takashi Kumada
    • Kojiro Michitaka
    • Hidenori Toyoda
    • Toshifumi Tada
    • Koichi Takaguchi
    • Kunihiko Tsuji
    • Ei Itobayashi
    • Daichi Takizawa
    • Masashi Hirooka
    • Yohei Koizumi
    • Hironori Ochi
    • Koji Joko
    • Yoshiyasu Kisaka
    • Yuko Shimizu
    • Kazuto Tajiri
    • Joji Tani
    • Tatsuya Taniguchi
    • Akiko Toshimori
    • Shinichi Fujioka
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: March 10, 2017     https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2017.1192
  • Pages: 455-461
  • Copyright: © Hiraoka et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )


Abstract

There is no consensus regarding which therapeutic option is better and/or safer for treating hemodialysis (HD) patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The present study compared surgical resection (Hx) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) with regard to therapeutic efficacy in HD patients with HCC. Of 108 HD patients with naïve HCC treated at 15 institutions between 1988 and 2014 enrolled in the present study, 58 fulfilled the up‑to‑7 criteria [7 as the sum of the size of the largest tumor (cm) and the number of tumors] and were treated with Hx (n=23) or RFA (n=35); their clinical features, complications and prognosis were assessed. The frequency of hepatitis C virus was higher in the RFA group compared with that in the Hx group (P=0.002), whereas there were no differences between the groups with regard to the average time from the first HD (P=0.953), tumor‑nodes‑metastasis (TNM) stage (Union for International Cancer Control 7th edition) (P=0.588), TNM stage (Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan 5th edition) (P=0.095), Child‑Pugh classification (P=0.094), and Japan Integrated Scoring system (P=0.489). There were no significant differences in overall survival (OS) and disease‑free survival (DFS) rates between the Hx and RFA groups [1‑, 3‑ and 5‑year OS rates: 81.7, 55.6 and 43.3% vs. 89.9, 67.1 and 56.3%, respectively (P=0.454); 1‑, 3‑ and 5‑year DFS rates: 71.1, 30.5 and 18.3% vs. 63.8, 31.6 and 21.1%, respectively (P=0.911)] Complications were observed in 4 patients (11.4%) in the RFA group (2 with subcapsular hemorrhage, 1 with intraperitoneal bleeding and 1 with tardive intrahepatic hematoma) and in 4 patients (17.4%) in the Hx group (2 with postoperative infection, 1 with liver failure and 1 with pleural effusion) (P=0.700). In conclusion, Hx and RFA have a similar therapeutic efficacy in HD patients with naïve HCC who fulfilled the up‑to‑7 criteria.

Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer type in males, and the ninth most common in females (1). Although the number of hemodialysis (HD) patients with HCC remains low, the development of an effective therapeutic strategy for them is of clinical importance. It is well known that, as HD poses a risk for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, the HCV-positive rate is increased in HD patients, while HCV is a major risk factor for HCC (2). Ozer Etik et al (3) reported that the prevalence of anti-HCV seropositivity among patients receiving maintenance HD in developed countries ranges from 5–60% (3). However, the number of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) has been increasing and diabetic nephropathy has become the primary reason for requiring HD (4). Furthermore, DM has recently been reported to be an independent risk factor for HCC (5), and thus it is expected that the number of HD patients with HCC will increase in the near future.

Hepatic resection (Hx) is a good therapeutic option for HCC (6,7), while radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has become the standard low-invasive therapy for small HCC (8,9). However, there is no consensus regarding which therapeutic option is better and/or safer for HD patients with small HCC. The aim of the present study was to retrospectively analyze clinical features, complications and prognosis of HD patients with small HCC treated with Hx or RFA.

Materials and methods

A total of 108 HD patients with naïve HCC who were treated at one of our 15 institutions (Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama; Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki; Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Takamatsu; Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo; Asahi General Hospital, Asahi; Isesaki Municipal Hospital, Isesaki; Ehime University Hospital, Toon; Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama; Shiritsu Uwajima Hospital, Uwajima; Shiritsu Ozu Hospital, Ozu; Toyama University Hospital, Toyama; Kagawa University Hospital, Kagawa; Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima; Saiseikai Imabari Hospital, Imabari; Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital, Okayama, Japan) between January 1988 and December 2014 were enrolled in the present study. Of these, 58 fulfilled the up-to-7-criteria [7 as the sum of the size of the largest tumor (cm) and the number of tumors] (10,11), and were treated with Hx (Hx group, n=23) or RFA (RFA group, n=35) as the curative therapy. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) was performed as the palliative treatment in 24 patients. All the patients had end-stage renal disease (ESRD), which requires HD or peritoneal dialysis. HCC patients within the up-to-7-criteria were regarded as having early-stage HCC. After receiving informed consent for curative treatment from each patient or their family, Hx or RFA was performed. The first HD session was performed 1 or 2 days after Hx or RFA with nafamostat mesylate (Torii Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) instead of heparin.

Surveillance of HCC was mainly performed using ultrasonography (US), and diagnosis was based on an increasing course of α-fetoprotein as well as findings obtained by dynamic computed tomography (12), magnetic resonance imaging and/or contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) with perflubutane (Sonazoid®; Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan) (13). The tumor-nodes-metastasis (TNM) stage was determined according to the HCC staging systems of the Union for International Cancer Control, 7th edition (14) and the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan (LCSGJ), 5th edition (15). Child-Pugh classification (16) was used for evaluation of hepatic reserve function affected by liver cirrhosis. HBV and HCV positivity were determined based on positivity for the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) and HCsAg, respectively.

RFA was performed from 2000 onwards as a curative therapy using previously reported methods (9). Selection of therapy (Hx or RFA) was independently determined by each institution. The physicians tended to select RFA when the size and number of tumors was small (2.1±0.8 cm and 1.1±0.3, respectively). When the patient or their family refused curative treatments, TACE was selected. For the TACE procedure, a microcatheter was inserted into the artery feeding the tumor in a super-selective manner after conventional hepatic angiography, followed by a segmental or subsegmental TACE procedure (17) performed by experienced radiologists and hepatologists. For embolization, epirubicin hydrochloride (Farmorubicin®; Pfizer Japan Inc., Tokyo, Japan) was used throughout January 2010, while miriplatin hydrate (MIRIPLA®; Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan), was used from February 2010, which was injected together with lipiodol in all cases, after which a gelatin sponge cut into small fragments (Gelfoam®; Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI, USA) were used throughout August 2006, while small gelatin sponge fragments (Gelpart®; Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) were used from September 2006.

The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital (Matsuyama, Japan; no. 26–11).

Statistical analysis

Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analyses were performed using Welch's t-test for unpaired data, as well as Fischer's exact test, Mann-Whitney's U-test or a log-rank test with the Kaplan-Meyer method, as appropriate. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 21 (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA). P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

The average age of all the enrolled patients (91 males, 17 females) was 67.9±8.7 years. The rate of HCV-positivity, HBV-positivity and HBV + HCV-positivity was 68.5, 8.3 and 2.8%, respectively, while that of patients negative for HCV and HBV (nonBnonC) was 20.4%. Among the nonBnonC patients with HCC, DM was the primary disease in 72.7% (16/22). The average time from the first HD was 4.6±4.8 years (range, 0.1-27 years) (Table I). The frequency of patients within the up-to-7 criteria was 85.2% (92/108) and 64 of these underwent curative therapies; among them, 23 received Hx, 39 received ablative therapy [RFA, 35; percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT), 2; microwave coagulation therapy (MCT), 2] and 2 received combination therapy with Hx and RFA (Fig. 1).

Table I.

Clinical features of HD patients with naïve HCC (n=108).

Table I.

Clinical features of HD patients with naïve HCC (n=108).

Parameter/characteristicValue
Sex (male/female) (n)91:17
Average age (years)67.9±8.7
Etiology of HCC (HCV/HBV/HBV + HCV/nonBnonC) (n)74:9:3:22
Performance status (0/1/2/3/4/unknown) (n)54:35:4:3:12
Basal disease causing ESRD (n)DM, 72; unknown, 26; nephrosclerosis, 3; chronic glomerulonephritis, 3; renal stone, 1; multiple myeloma, 1; IgA nephropathy, 1; rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, 1
HD (machine/peritoneal) (n)107:1
Average time from first HD, years (range)4.6±4.8 (0.1-27)
Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/l)28.9±20.9
Alanine aminotransferase (IU/l)24.7±24.1
Platelets (x104 cells/µl)13.3±6.1
Total bilirubin (mg/dl)0.49±0.25
Albumin (g/dl)3.57±0.53
Prothrombin time (%)90.2±17.4
Child-Pugh classification (A/B/C) (n)89:19:0
Tumor size (<2/≥2 cm, n), (average, cm)27:81 (3.24±2.27)
Number of tumors (single/multiple) (average)81:27 (1.45±1.06)
Extrahepatic metastasis, n (%)2 (bone), (1.9%)
Portal vein tumor thrombosis, n (%)6 (5.6%)
Alpha-fetoprotein (ng/ml) 1,683.2±5,879.9
Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (mUA/ml) 2,706.5±8,308.3
TNM stage (UICC 7th) I/II/III/IV (n)77:22:7:2
TNM stage (LCSGJ 5th) I/II/III/IV (n)25:57:21:5
Therapeutic method (Hx/RFA/Hx+RFA/MCT/PEIT/ 28:35:3:2:2:29:2:1:6
TACE/RT/chemotherapy/BSC) (n)

[i] Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; nonBnonC, negative for HBV and HCV; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; IgA, immunoglobulin A; HD, hemodialysis; TNM, tumor-nodes-metastasis; UICC 7th, Union for International Cancer Control 7th edition; LCSGJ 5th, Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan 5th edition; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; Hx, surgical resection; MCT, microwave coagulation therapy; PEIT, percutaneous ethanol injection therapy; TACE, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization; RT, radiotherapy; BSC, best supportive care.

Comparison between patients within the up-to-7 criteria treated with Hx and those treated with RFA revealed no significant differences for most parameters, apart from the etiology of HCC (P=0.002), platelet count (P=0.013) and prothrombin time (P=0.042) (Table II). The overall survival (OS) rate and disease-free survival (DFS) rate were not significantly different between the Hx and RFA groups [1-, 3- and 5-year OS rates: 81.7, 55.6 and 43.3% vs. 89.9, 67.1 and 56.3%, respectively; P=0.454 (Fig. 2) and 1-, 3- and 5-year DFS rates: 71.1, 30.5 and 18.3% vs. 63.8, 31.6 and 21.1%, respectively; P=0.911 (Fig. 3)]. Post-procedure complications were observed in 4 of the 35 patients (11.4%) treated by RFA (subcapsular hemorrhage in the liver, 2; intraperitoneal bleeding, 1; tardive intrahepatic hematoma 4 days after RFA procedure, 1) and in 4 of the 23 patients (17.4%) treated by Hx (post-operative infection, 2; liver failure, 1; pleural effusion, 1). No significant differences were identified in the frequencies of complications between the two groups (P=0.700). One patient died due to postoperative infection within 1 month in the Hx group, whereas no mortalities occurred in the RFA group (P=0.397, according to Fischer's exact test).

Table II.

Comparison of clinical features between Hx and RFA groups.

Table II.

Comparison of clinical features between Hx and RFA groups.

Parameter/characteristicHx (n=23)RFA (n=35)P-value
Sexa (male:female) (n)21:225:100.070
Average ageb (years)68.4±9.166.2±8.80.359
Etiology of HCCc (n)10:4:1:829:2:1:30.002
(HCV/HBV/HBV + HCV/nonBnonC) (n)
Performance statusc (0/1/2/3/4/unknown)11:10:1:1:0:016:15:0:1:0:30.387
Basal disease causing ESRD (n)DM, 15; IgA, 1; chronic glomerulonephritis, 1; nephrosclerosis, 1; unknown, 5DM, 25; multiple myeloma, 1; nephrosclerosis, 1; chronic glomerulonephritis, 1; unknown, 7
HD (machine/peritoneal) (n)23:035:0
Average period after introducing HDb (years)5.3±5.75.4±5.70.953
Aspartate aminotransferaseb (IU/l)23.0±12.134.4±30.70.057
Alanine aminotransferaseb (IU/l)20.3±10.630.4±35.20.123
Plateletsb (x104 cells/µl)15.1±6.311.2±5.10.013
Total bilirubinb (mg/dl)0.42±0.220.56±0.270.055
Albuminb (g/dl)3.76±0.513.63±0.500.350
Prothrombin timeb (%)96.0±13.087.4±16.70.042
Child-Pugh classificationc (A/B/C) (n)22:1:028:7:00.094
Tumor sizea (<2/≥2 cm, n) (average, cm)4:19 (2.8±1.0)14:21 (2.1±0.8)0.071
Tumor numbera (single/multiple)20:3 (1.1±0.3)32:3 (1.1±0.3)0.612
Alpha-fetoproteinb (ng/ml)681.9±2,110.9831.5±4,147.00.877
Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombinb (mUA/ml) 2,035.4±6,265.8 1,173.7±3,565.40.522
TNM stagec (UICC 7th) I/II/III/IV (n)20:3:0:032:3:0:00.588
TNM stagec (LCSGJ 5th) I/II/III/IV (n)3:18:2:013:19:3:00.095
JIS scorec 0/1/2/3 (n)3:17:3:011:17:6:10.489
Complicationsa,d (n)Postoperative infection, 2 (1 died within 1 month), liver failure, 1; pleural effusion, 1dIntra-hepatic hematoma after 4 days of RFA, 1; subcapsular hemorrhage of liver, 2; intraperitoneal bleeding, 10.700
Cause of mortality (n)HCC, 2; infection, 3; liver failure, 2; acute subdural hematoma, 1; cardiac failure, 1; arrhythmia, 1; others/unknown, 4HCC, 6; infection, 1; liver failure, 1; cerebral hemorrhage, 2; suffocation by accidental ingestion, 1; acute respiratory distress syndrome, 1; general prostration, 1; others/unknown, 2

{ label (or @symbol) needed for fn[@id='tfn2-mco-0-0-1192'] } Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Statistics were performed according to

a Fischer's exact test

b Welch's t-test; and

c Mann-Whitney's U-test.

d Complications arose in 4/23 (17.4%) and 4/35 (11.4%) of the patients in Hx and the RFA groups, respectively. RFA, radiofrequency ablation; Hx, surgical resection; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; nonBnonC, both negative for HBV and HCV; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; IgA, immunoglobulin A; DM, diabetes mellitus; HD, hemodialysis; TNM, tumor-nodes-metastasis; UICC, Union for International Cancer Control; LCSGJ, Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan; JIS system, Japan Integrated Scoring System.

In HCC patients who fulfilled the up-to-7-criteria, results of the Japan Integrated Scoring (JIS) system, calculated based on the Child-Pugh classification and TNM stage according to the LCSGJ classification, 5th edition (18) did not show any significant differences between patients treated with curative treatments (Hx or RFA, n=58) and those who underwent palliative treatment (TACE, n=24) (P=0.071). The OS rate for those who received curative treatments revealed a better prognosis compared with those who received TACE (n=24) [1-, 3- and 5-year OS rates: 90.6, 62.3 and 50.4% vs. 86.5, 45.9 and 0.0%, respectively; P=0.010, according to the log-rank test (data not shown)].

Discussion

Although the number of HD patients with HCC is low, such cases are at times encountered in the clinic. A previous study published in 1996 found that the frequency of HCV-positive HD patients was as high as 18.9% (409/2,164), while HCC was observed in only 2.4% (10/409) of HD patients with HCV infection (19). Factors associated with HCC in HCV-positive HD patients have remained elusive. However, positivity for DM was considered to have an important role for the occurrence of HCC in HD patients with HCV infection. In the present study, diabetic nephropathy was the most common primary disease leading to the requirement for HD, while Henderson et al (20) noted that HCC was 1.3 times more likely to occur in HCV-positive HD patients with DM. Furthermore, the number of DM patients worldwide has been increasing recently. On the other hand, in patients without chronic viral hepatitis, DM increases the risk of chronic liver disease and HCC, with incidences of chronic non-alcoholic liver disease in patients with and without DM of 18.13 and 9.55, respectively, per 10,000 individuals per year, and an incidence of HCC of 2.39 and 0.87, respectively (21). Furthermore, that study found that DM is associated with an increased risk of chronic non-alcoholic liver disease and HCC [hazard ratio (HR), 1.98 and 2.16, respectively]. Noto et al (22) also reported that DM was associated with an increased risk for HCC (HR, 3.64; 95% confidence interval, 2.61–5.07) in Japanese patients. DM and aging, particularly in patients with a high fibrosis-4 index, were found to be associated with an increased risk of HCC in a previous study by our group (23). In the present study, at least 72.7% (16/22) of the patients without viral hepatitis had DM. Cases of HCC among HD patients without chronic viral hepatitis infection may increase in the near future in association with the increase in patients with DM and diabetic nephropathy. In the present study, numerous HCC patients without viral hepatitis had DM and establishment of a surveillance strategy for HCC in HD patients with DM nephropathy is therefore required to detect HCC in as early a stage as possible. Furthermore, screening for HCC should also be performed in HD patients with chronic hepatitis, particularly those with HCV. Although interferon and ribavirin treatment is difficult in HD patients, the effectiveness and safety of HCV-NS5A-inhibitor (daclatasvir) and protease inhibitor (asunaprevir) combination therapy for HD patients with HCV has been reported recently (24,25). Further progression in the development of direct-acting antiviral drugs will reduce the chronic hepatic diseases, HCV and HCC, in HD patients.

Although Hx and RFA are routinely performed as curative treatments for HCC, few studies have compared their efficacy and safety in HD patients. Generally, HX is performed as a curative treatment for HCC patients with good hepatic function (6,26), while treatment with RFA is regarded as a curative local therapy for small HCC (27). Although Tung et al (28) reported that the prognosis of HD patients with HCC who were treated with Hx was not significantly different from that of those who received best supportive care, Hx has recently been established as an acceptable procedure for HD patients with HCC (2932). In patients with good liver function and early-stage HCC (within up-to-7 criteria), curative treatments are expected to prolong survival. However, HD has been reported to be a risk factor in cases that undergo surgical resection due to a tendency to bleed arising from platelet dysfunction and heparin usage (33), susceptibility to infection (34) and impaired wound healing (35). In the present study, complications were observed in 17.4% (4/23) of patients in the Hx group (infection, 2; liver failure, 1; pleural effusion, 1), while complications occurred in 11.4% (4/35) of patients in the RFA group, each of which was based on bleeding (subcapsular hemorrhage in the liver, 2; intraperitoneal bleeding, 1; tardive intrahepatic hematoma, 1). However, no statistical difference in the complication rates was observed between the two groups (P=0.700). The characteristics of the patients who showed complications of bleeding could not be determined in the present cohort. The rate of complications associated with curative treatments in patients with HD is thought to be higher compared with that seen in those without HD. Few studies have noted that HCC patients with HD had a higher rate of complications compared with those without HD, although the rates of post-operative infection after Hx (4.03 vs. 1.17%; P=0.0175) (31) and bleeding after RFA (13.3 vs. 0.79%; P=0.0002) (36) have been reported. When a curative treatment for HCC (Hx or RFA) is applied in a patient with HD, it is important to keep in mind that the risk of complications is greater compared with that in patients without HD; thus, detailed information must be given and informed consent must be obtained.

Although RFA has been gaining in importance in terms of prolonging the survival of HCC patients, particularly those with small tumors, there are few reports on RFA as a treatment for HCC in patients with HD (37). With increasing detection of small HCC due to the progression of imaging modalities [e.g., CEUS with Sonazoid (38)], the clinical significance of RFA in the treatment of small HCC for improving the prognosis of affected patients is expected to increase. In the present study, no significant differences in the OS and DFS rates were observed between the Hx and RFA groups, and no differences with regard to the JIS score were obtained (18). Lee et al (32) reported that, with regard to predicting the prognosis of HCC, the JIS score is a more accurate model for patients undergoing HD and is suitable for comparing the efficacy of therapies. The present study has demonstrated that the JIS scores and the therapeutic outcome were not different between the Hx and RFA groups, indicating equally important roles for the two modalities in HD patients with HCC.

In conclusion, the present study has determined that there were no significant differences between Hx and RFA with regard to the therapeutic outcome when applied for the treatment of HCC in HD patients within the up-to-7-criteria. As the present study was retrospective in nature and the number of patients was small, there were several limitations in terms of drawing firm conclusions. Accumulation of a greater number of cases and further analysis is therefore required.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr Kazuya Kariyama (Department of Gastroenterology, Okayama Shimin Hospital, Okayama), Dr Toru Ishikawa (Department of Gastroenterology, Saiseikai Niigata Daini Hospital, Niigata), Dr Shintaro Takagi (Department of Gastroenterology, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital, Hiroshima), Dr Sung Kwan Bae (Department of Gastroenterology, Hamanomachi Hospital, Fukuoka), Dr Kazufumi Domen (Department of Gastroenterology, Chihaya Hospital, Fukuoka), Dr Chikara Ogawa (Department of Gastroenterology, Takamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Takamatsu), Dr Noritomo Shimada (Department of Gastroenterology, Ootakanomori Hospital, Kashiwa), Dr Akihiro Deguchi (Department of Gastroenterology, Kagawa Rosai Hospital, Marugame), Dr Ryoken Tanaka (Department of Gastroenterology, Matsuyama Shimin Hospital, Matsuyama), Dr Hiroaki Miyaoka (Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Matsuyama Hospital, Matsuyama) and Dr Masamoto Torisu (Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Saijo Hospital, Saijo) for their cooperation in searching the records of HD patients with HCC treated at their institutions.

References

1 

GLOBOCAN 2012 Estimated Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide in 2012. http://globocan.iarc.fr/Pages/fact_sheets_cancer.aspxDecember 12–2015.

2 

Selcuk H, Kanbay M, Korkmaz M, Gur G, Akcay A, Arslan H, Ozdemir N, Yilmaz U and Boyacioglu S: Distribution of HCV genotypes in patients with end-stage renal disease according to type of dialysis treatment. Dig Dis Sci. 51:1420–1425. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Etik D Ozer, Ocal S and Boyacioglu AS: Hepatitis C infection in hemodialysis patients: A review. World J Hepatol. 7:885–895. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

O'Toole SM, Fan SL, Yaqoob MM and Chowdhury TA: Managing diabetes in dialysis patients. Postgrad Med J. 88:160–166. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Renehen A, Smith U and Kirkman MS: Linking diabetes and cancer: A consensus on complexity. Lancet. 375:2201–2202. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Arii S, Yamaoka Y, Futagawa S, Inoue K, Kobayashi K, Kojiro M, Makuuchi M, Nakamura Y, Okita K and Yamada R: Results of surgical and nonsurgical treatment for small-sized hepatocellular carcinomas: A retrospective and nationwide survey in Japan. The Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan. Hepatology. 32:1224–1229. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Ikai I, Itai Y, Okita K, Omata M, Kojiro M, Kobayashi K, Nakanuma Y, Futagawa S, Makuuchi M and Yamaoka Y: Report of the 15th follow-up survey of primary liver cancer. Hepatol Res. 28:21–29. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Shiina S, Teratani T, Obi S, Sato S, Tateishi R, Fujishima T, Ishikawa T, Koike Y, Yoshida H, Kawabe T and Omata M: A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency ablation with ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 129:122–130. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Hiraoka A, Michitaka K, Horiike N, Hidaka S, Uehara T, Ichikawa S, Hasebe A, Miyamoto Y, Ninomiya T, Sogabe I, et al: Radiofrequency ablation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma in elderly patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 25:403–407. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Mazzaferro V, Llovet JM, Miceli R, Bhoori S, Schiavo M, Mariani L, Camerini T, Roayaie S, Schwartz ME, Grazi GL, et al: Predicting survival after liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma beyond the Milan criteria: A retrospective, exploratory analysis. Lancet Oncol. 10:35–43. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

D'Amico F, Schwartz M, Vitale A, Tabrizian P, Roayaie S, Thung S, Mdel Rio, Martin Guido J, Schiano T and Cillo U: Predicting recurrence after liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma exceeding the up-to-seven criteria. Liver Transpl. 15:1278–1287. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Bruix J and M; Practice Guidelines Committee, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases Sherman: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 42:1208–1236. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Hiraoka A, Hiasa Y, Onji M and Michitaka K: New contrast enhanced ultrasonography agent: Impact of Sonazoid on radiofrequency ablation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 26:616–618. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Sobin L, Gospodarowicz M and Wittekind C: TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors. 7th edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; Hoboken, NJ: 2009

15 

Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan, . General Rules for the Clinical and Pathological Study of Primary Liver Cancer. 5th edition. Kanehara & Co., Ltd.; Tokyo: pp. 242009

16 

Pugh RN, Murray-Lyon IM, Dawson JL, Pietroni MC and Williams R: Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. Br J Surg. 60:646–649. 1973. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Matsui O, Kadoya M, Yoshikawa J, Gabata T, Takashima T and Demachi H: Subsegmental transcatheter arterial embolization for small hepatocellular carcinomas: Local therapeutic effect and 5-year survival rate. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 33 Suppl:S84–S88. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Kudo M, Chung H and Osaki Y: Prognostic scoring system for hepatocellular carcinoma (CLIP score): Its value and limitations, and a proposal for a new staging system, the Japan Integrated Staging Score (JIS score). J Gastroenterol. 38:207–215. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Sakai Y, Izumi N, Tazawa J, Uchihara M, Akiba T, Marumo F and Sato C: Characteristics of anti-HCV antibody-positive patients with hepatocellular carcinoma on chronic hemodialysis: Recommendation of periodic ultrasonography for early detection. Nephron. 74:386–389. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Henderson WA, Shankar R, Gill JM, Kim KH, Ghany MG, Skanderson M and Butt AA: Hepatitis C progressing to hepatocellular carcinoma: The HCV dialysis patient in dilemma. J Viral Hepat. 17:59–64. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

El-Serag HB, Tran T and Everhart JE: Diabetes increases the risk of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 126:460–468. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Noto H, Osame K, Sasazaki T and Noda M: Substantially increased risk of cancers in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic evidence in Japan. J Diabetes Complications. 24:345–353. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Hiraoka A, Ochi M, Matsuda R, Aibiki T, Okudaira T, Kawamura T, Yamago H, Nakahara H, Suga Y, Azemoto N, et al: Ultrasonography screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in Japanese patients with diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes. Sep 8–2015.(Epub ahead of print). PubMed/NCBI

24 

Suda G, Kudo M, Nagasaka A, Furuya K, Yamamoto Y, Kobayashi T, Shinada K, Tateyama M, Konno J, Tsukuda Y, et al: Efficacy and safety of daclatasvir and asunaprevir combination therapy in chronic hemodialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol. Jan 14–2016.(Epub ahead of print). View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Toyoda H, Kumada T, Tada T, Takaguchi K, Ishikawa T, Tsuji K, Zeniya M, Iio E and Tanaka Y: Safety and efficacy of dual direct-acting antiviral therapy (daclatasvir and asunaprevir) for chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection in patients on hemodialysis. J Gastroenterol. Feb 12–2016.(Epub ahead of print). View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Ikai I, Arii S, Kojiro M, Ichida T, Makuuchi M, Matsuyama Y, Nakanuma Y, Okita K, Omata M, Takayasu K and Yamaoka Y: Reevaluation of prognostic factors for survival after liver resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a Japanese nationwide survey. Cancer. 101:796–802. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Hiraoka A, Horiike N, Yamashita Y, Koizumi Y, Doi K, Yamamoto Y, Hasebe A, Ichikawa S, Yano M, Miyamoto Y, et al: Efficacy of radiofrequency ablation therapy compared to surgical resection in 164 patients in Japan with single hepatocellular carcinoma smaller than 3 cm, along with report of complications. Hepatogastroenterology. 55:2171–2174. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

28 

Tung CF, Yang DY, Hu WH, Peng YC, Chow WK and Chen GH: Characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma in hemodialysis patients in hepatitis B endemic area. Hepatogastroenterology. 50:1564–1568. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

29 

Yamagata M, Kanematsu T, Matsumata T, Nishizaki T, Utsunomiya T, Sugimachi K and Okuda S: Possibility of hepatic resection in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Hepatogastroenterology. 40:249–252. 1993.PubMed/NCBI

30 

Orii T, Takayama T, Haga I, Fukumori T and Amada N: Efficacy of a liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic renal failure. Surg Today. 38:329–334. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Yeh CC, Lin JT, Jeng LB, et al: Hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma patients on hemodialysis for uremia: A nationwide cohort study. World J Surg. 37:2402–2409. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Lee YH, Hsu CY, Hsia CY, et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma in uremic patients: Is there evidence for an increased risk of mortality? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 28:348–356. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Kaw D and Malhotra D: Platelet dysfunction and end-stage renal disease. Semin Dial. 19:317–322. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Sarnak MJ and Jaber BL: Mortality caused by sepsis in patients with end-stage renal disease compared with the general population. Kidney Int. 58:1758–1764. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Ahonen J and Salmela K: Wound healing and infections in chronic renal failureSurgery in Renal Failure. Eigler FW and Jakubowski HD: George Thieme Verlag; New York: pp. 681984

36 

Minami Y, Hayaishi S and Kudo M: Radiofrequency ablation for hepatic malignancies: Is needle tract cauterization necessary for preventing iatrogenic bleeding? Dig Dis. 31:480–484. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Kondo Y, Yoshida H, Tomizawa Y, Tateishi R, Shiina S, Tagawa K and Omata M: Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma in 14 patients undergoing regular hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 193:964–969. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Hiraoka A, Ichiryu M, Tazuya N, Ochi H, Tanabe A, Nakahara H, Hidaka S, Uehara T, Ichikawa S, Hasebe A, et al: Clinical translation in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma following the introduction of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with Sonazoid. Oncol Lett. 1:57–61. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

Journal Cover

April-2017
Volume 6 Issue 4

Print ISSN: 2049-9450
Online ISSN:2049-9469

Sign up for eToc alerts

Recommend to Library

Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Hiraoka A, Kumada T, Michitaka K, Toyoda H, Tada T, Takaguchi K, Tsuji K, Itobayashi E, Takizawa D, Hirooka M, Hirooka M, et al: Clinical features of hemodialysis patients treated for hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparison between resection and radiofrequency ablation. Mol Clin Oncol 6: 455-461, 2017
APA
Hiraoka, A., Kumada, T., Michitaka, K., Toyoda, H., Tada, T., Takaguchi, K. ... Fujioka, S. (2017). Clinical features of hemodialysis patients treated for hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparison between resection and radiofrequency ablation. Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 6, 455-461. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2017.1192
MLA
Hiraoka, A., Kumada, T., Michitaka, K., Toyoda, H., Tada, T., Takaguchi, K., Tsuji, K., Itobayashi, E., Takizawa, D., Hirooka, M., Koizumi, Y., Ochi, H., Joko, K., Kisaka, Y., Shimizu, Y., Tajiri, K., Tani, J., Taniguchi, T., Toshimori, A., Fujioka, S."Clinical features of hemodialysis patients treated for hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparison between resection and radiofrequency ablation". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 6.4 (2017): 455-461.
Chicago
Hiraoka, A., Kumada, T., Michitaka, K., Toyoda, H., Tada, T., Takaguchi, K., Tsuji, K., Itobayashi, E., Takizawa, D., Hirooka, M., Koizumi, Y., Ochi, H., Joko, K., Kisaka, Y., Shimizu, Y., Tajiri, K., Tani, J., Taniguchi, T., Toshimori, A., Fujioka, S."Clinical features of hemodialysis patients treated for hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparison between resection and radiofrequency ablation". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 6, no. 4 (2017): 455-461. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2017.1192