Intravascular large B‑cell lymphoma associated with myelofibrosis: A case report

Myelofibrosis (MF) is often accompanied by chronic myeloid leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, or certain primary myeloproliferative neoplasms, but is rarely associated with lymphoid neoplasms. We herein describe a case of intravascular large B‑cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) with MF. IVLBCL is a rare, aggressive type of extranodal B‑cell lymphoma, defined by proliferation of lymphomatous cells within small‑to medium‑sized vessels. A 60‑year‑old woman was admitted to the hospital with anemia, thrombocytopenia and fever. Bone marrow biopsy findings included trilineage hematopoiesis, increased numbers of immature cells, markedly abnormal and enlarged megakaryocytes, and diffuse fibrosis in multiple focal areas throughout the entire bone marrow space. When the patient was first hospitalized, hepatosplenomegaly was not present. Although initially considered during differential diagnosis, an aggressive lymphoma could not be diagnosed prior to colonoscopy, which was conducted 4 weeks after admission. A biopsy of the terminal ileum revealed IVLBCL with cells with atypical nuclei. Immunophenotyping of the atypical large cells yielded a positive result for CD79a and negative results for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, myeloperoxidase, CD3, CD10, CD20, B‑cell lymphoma (Bcl)‑2, Bcl‑6 and cytomegalovirus. The patient was diagnosed with IVLBCL complicated by MF. This case may serve as a reminder that IVLBCL may be the cause of secondary MF.