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Molecular Medicine Reports
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Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
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July 2012 Volume 6 Issue 1

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Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

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July 2012 Volume 6 Issue 1

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Review

Cryoglobulinemia (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Shimon Takada
    • Taro Shimizu
    • Yoshiro Hadano
    • Kentaro Matsumoto
    • Yuki Kataoka
    • Yu Arima
    • Toshiya Inoue
    • Sumire Sorano

  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of General Medicine, Osaka City General Hospital, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka, Japan, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan, National Medical Clinic, Minato‑ku, Tokyo, Japan, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki Hospital, Amagasaki-shi, Hyogo, Japan, Mimihara General Hospital, Sakai-shi, Osaka, Japan, Rakuwakai Otowa Hospital, Kyoto‑shi, Kyoto, Japan, Kobe University School of Medicine, Chuoku, Kobe, Japan
  • Pages: 3-8
    |
    Published online on: April 6, 2012
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2012.861
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Abstract

Cryoglobulins are immunoglobulins that precipitate at low temperatures and redissolve upon rewarming. Cryoglobulinemia refers to the presence of circulating cryoglobulins in serum, and generally leads to a systemic inflammatory syndrome characterized by fatigue, arthralgia, purpura, neuropathy and glomerulonephritis. The disease mainly involves small to medium-sized blood vessels and causes vasculitis due to cryoglobulin-containing immune complexes. Cryoglobulinemia is classified into three types (I, II and III) on the basis of immunoglobulin composition. Predisposing conditions include lymphoproliferative disease, collagen disease and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The diagnosis of cryoglobulinemic syndrome is predominantly based on the laboratory demonstration of serum cryoglobulins. Treatment is often directed towards the underlying disease state. For patients with chronic HCV infection, anti-viral therapy is indicated. Intense immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapy, including steroids, plasmapheresis and cytotoxic agents, is reserved for organ-threatening or recalcitrant disease. In this review, we discuss the clinical characteristics of the three types of cryoglobulinemia.

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Takada S, Shimizu T, Hadano Y, Matsumoto K, Kataoka Y, Arima Y, Inoue T and Sorano S: Cryoglobulinemia (Review). Mol Med Rep 6: 3-8, 2012.
APA
Takada, S., Shimizu, T., Hadano, Y., Matsumoto, K., Kataoka, Y., Arima, Y. ... Sorano, S. (2012). Cryoglobulinemia (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 6, 3-8. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2012.861
MLA
Takada, S., Shimizu, T., Hadano, Y., Matsumoto, K., Kataoka, Y., Arima, Y., Inoue, T., Sorano, S."Cryoglobulinemia (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 6.1 (2012): 3-8.
Chicago
Takada, S., Shimizu, T., Hadano, Y., Matsumoto, K., Kataoka, Y., Arima, Y., Inoue, T., Sorano, S."Cryoglobulinemia (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 6, no. 1 (2012): 3-8. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2012.861
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Takada S, Shimizu T, Hadano Y, Matsumoto K, Kataoka Y, Arima Y, Inoue T and Sorano S: Cryoglobulinemia (Review). Mol Med Rep 6: 3-8, 2012.
APA
Takada, S., Shimizu, T., Hadano, Y., Matsumoto, K., Kataoka, Y., Arima, Y. ... Sorano, S. (2012). Cryoglobulinemia (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 6, 3-8. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2012.861
MLA
Takada, S., Shimizu, T., Hadano, Y., Matsumoto, K., Kataoka, Y., Arima, Y., Inoue, T., Sorano, S."Cryoglobulinemia (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 6.1 (2012): 3-8.
Chicago
Takada, S., Shimizu, T., Hadano, Y., Matsumoto, K., Kataoka, Y., Arima, Y., Inoue, T., Sorano, S."Cryoglobulinemia (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 6, no. 1 (2012): 3-8. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2012.861
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