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Introduction

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) constitute a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, with various clinical presentations and biological behaviors that present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. As 60–80% of patients present with metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis, they are treated with multidisciplinary approaches for symptom control and inhibition of tumor growth (1).

Neuroendocrine tumors are known to overexpress somatostatin receptors (SSTRs), a family of G protein-coupled-receptors, most commonly SSTR2 and SSTR5 (2). In previous studies, SSTRs have been extensively mapped in neuroendocrine tumors, using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, autoradiography and immunoblotting (2–4). To date, few studies have examined the expression of SSTRs in GEP-NEN by means of immunohistochemistry (IHC), which allows precise SSTR cellular localization (5,6). Furthermore, whether or not differences in the expression of SSTR subtypes in GEP-NEN are associated with tumor characteristics remains to be elucidated, as does the potential prognostic role played by the expression of SSTRs in these tumors.

The expression of SSTRs on tumor cells forms the basis for somatostatin analog (SSA) treatment of patients with NEN (7). SSAs are an important means of biotherapy. They are a class of artificially synthesized peptides that have multiple biological effects similar to natural somatostatin (8). SSA is able to either inhibit the release of hormones and neurotransmitters by binding SSTRs to improve symptoms caused by excessive secretion of hormones (9), or inhibit tumor growth directly by regulating the signaling pathways of tumor cell proliferation/apoptosis and angiogenesis directly or indirectly (10). At present, clinical treatment of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (GEP-NET) is mainly focused on long-acting SSAs, including octreotide long-acting release (LAR) and lanreotide sustained-release (Somatuline Autogel). The results of a phase III prospective, randomized and double-blind study (PROMID) proved that octreotide LAR significantly prolonged the time to progression (TTP; 14.3 vs. 6 months) in patients with unresectable, well-differentiated metastatic midgut neuroendocrine tumors, as compared with the placebo (11). The results of the CLARINET study, which included 204 patients with non-functional, metastatic NET (including those with a Ki67 <10% for tumors in the gastrointestinal tract and the pancreas), showed that the median progression-free survival was not reached in the lanreotide group and was 18.0 months in the placebo group, with the difference between the two groups being statistically significant (P<0.001) (12).

However, patients in the above-mentioned studies were all from Western countries rather than Asian countries. Previous studies revealed that GEP-NEN is a type of tumor with high heterogeneity; the primary site and symptoms of the tumor vary from patients of various races in differing regions (13–16). In addition, the response and tolerance of GEP-NEN patients to anti-tumor drug treatment also varied between different races (17,18). Therefore, although numerous studies in Western population reported that SSA had anti-tumor activity against GEP-NET, considering the clear heterogeneity, whether SSA has the similar efficacy in GEP-NET patients in Asian countries is worth investigation.

To address some of these issues in the present study, the expression of SSTR2 and SSTR5 was determined in a large cohort of GEP-NEN using immunohistochemistry, and findings were associated with clinicopathological variables and patient prognosis. In addition, the present study investigated the efficacy and safety of long-acting SSA octreotide LAR in Chinese GEP-NET patients by conducting a multicenter retrospective analysis on the data of 54 Chinese patients with unresectable, well-differentiated advanced or metastatic GEP-NET treated by octreotide LAR.

Materials and methods

Patient information

A total of 143 patients with histologically confirmed sporadic GEP-NEN at The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou, China) from January 1995 to December 2014 were enrolled in the present study to determine the expression of SSTR2 and SSTR5. A total of 54 patients with advanced GEP-NET, who received octreotide LAR treatment in four centers across China with high-quality medical care between November 2009 and December 2015, were included in the present study to investigate the efficacy and safety of octreotide LAR in Chinese GEP-NET patients. Data from the following centers were included in the validation analysis: The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University (n=31), Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (Guangzhou, China; n=12), Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (Shanghai, China; n=10), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Shanghai, China; n=1). Electronic datasheets were provided for all participating centers. All de-identified data were reviewed and cross-checked for inconsistencies by YH Wang. Patient clinicopathological characteristics were summarized in Tables I and II.

Table I. Clinicopathological characteristics of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm patients with somatostatin receptor immunohistochemical detection.

Table I.

Clinicopathological characteristics of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm patients with somatostatin receptor immunohistochemical detection.

Demographic and clinical characteristics (n=143)	n	%
Gendera
Male	87	60.8
Female	56	39.2
Age at diagnosis (years)
≤50	71	49.7
>50	72	50.3
Median (range)	51 (18–85)
Functional status
Nonfunctional	113	79.0
Functional	30	21.0
Insulinoma	24	16.8
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptidoma	4	2.8
Somatostatinoma	1	0.7
Carcinoid syndrome	1	0.7
Tumor location
Gastrointestinal tract	79	55.2
Rectum	34	23.8
Stomach	19	13.3
Duodenum	15	10.5
Jejunum/ileum	7	4.9
Appendix	4	2.8
Pancreas	64	44.8
Tumor grade
G1	69	48.3
G2	39	27.3
G3	35	24.5
Tumor type
NET	110	76.9
NET G1	69	48.3
NET G2	39	27.3
NET G3	2	1.4
NEC	31	21.7
MANEC	2	1.4
Tumor stage
I	43	30.1
II	28	19.6
III	16	11.2
IV	56	39.2

a Male:female, 1.55:1. NET, neuroendocrine tumor; NEC, neuroendocrine carcinoma; MANEC, mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma.

Table II. Clinicopathological characteristics of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor patients with octreotide long-acting release treatment.

Table II.

Clinicopathological characteristics of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor patients with octreotide long-acting release treatment.

Demographic and clinical characteristics (n=54)	n	%
Gendera
Male	32	59.3
Female	22	40.7
Age at diagnosis (years)
≤50	28	51.9
>50	26	48.1
Median (range)	50 (18–72)
ECOG PS
0	36	66.7
1	16	29.6
2	2	3.7
Functional status
Nonfunctional	41	75.9
Functional	13	24.1
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptidoma	8	14.8
Carcinoid syndrome	2	3.7
Gastrinoma	2	3.7
Insulinoma	1	1.9
Tumor location
Gastrointestinal tract	13	24.1
Rectum	6	11.1
Jejunum/ileum	4	7.4
Duodenum	3	5.6
Pancreas	41	75.9
Ki67 index (%)
≤2	11	20.4
3–10	33	61.1
>10	10	18.5
Tumor grade
G1	11	20.4
G2	42	77.8
G3	1	1.9
Tumor stage
IV	54	100.0
Combined treatment
Monotherapy	31	57.4
With targeted drug therapy	9	16.7
With interventional therapy	5	9.3
With chemotherapy	2	3.7
With palliative surgery	2	3.7
With >2 therapies	5	9.3
Previous treatment
None	16	29.6
Surgical therapy	13	24.1
Targeted drug therapy	3	5.6
Interventional therapy	3	5.6
Chemotherapy	2	3.7
>2 therapies	17	31.5
SSTR2 expressionb
Positive	19	86.4
Negative	3	13.6
SSTR5 expressionb
Positive	18	81.8
Negative	4	18.2

a Male:female, 1.45:1.

b In total, 22 cases for both SSTR2 and SSTR5 expression were observed. ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status; SSTR, somatostatin receptor.

A functional tumor was defined as overproducing a hormone such as 5-hydroxytryptamine, gastrin, glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide, which causes clinical symptoms. The pathology of each patient was reviewed according to the latest World Health Organization classification of tumors of the digestive system (19). Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) stage was adopted according to the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society Consensus Guidelines (20,21). Treatment responses were evaluated according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST, version 1.1) (22).

The study was conducted in accordance with Declaration of Helsinki and in compliance with good clinical practice guidelines. The trial protocol was approved by the institutional review board of each institution. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient.

IHC

SSTR2 and SSTR5 IHC stains were performed in all 143 cases. Sections of tumor specimens (4-µm thick) from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections were used for IHC examinations. The slides were dewaxed with xylene and rehydrated in a graded series of ethanol. Heat-induced epitope retrieval was performed using a microwave oven at 600 W for 30 min in preheated 10 mmol/l citric acid (pH 6.0). Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked by incubating the slides in 3% hydrogen peroxide for 20 min at room temperature. The slides were transferred to phosphate-buffered saline and subsequently incubated at 4°C with rabbit monoclonal anti-SSTR2 (1:100; ab134152; Epitomics, Burlingame, CA, USA) and anti-SSTR5 (1:100; ab109495; Epitomics) overnight at 4°C. The following day, sections were incubated in secondary antibody (Real EnVision Detection kit, ready-to-use; K5007; Dako; Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) for 1 h at room temperature. The substrate chromogen, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine, enabled visualization of the complex via a brown precipitate. Hematoxylin (blue) counterstaining enabled the visualization of the cell nuclei with a light microscope (4500; Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Omission of primary antibody served as a negative control.

Histological interpretation

For evaluation of SSTR2 and SSTR5 immunopositivity, a scoring system standardized and proposed by Volante et al (6) was used, at is has been reported to have a good correlation with Octreoscan findings. The scoring system was as follows: 0, absence of immunoreactivity; 1, pure cytoplasmic immunoreactivity, either focal or diffuse; 2, membranous reactivity in <50% of tumor cells, irrespective of the presence of cytoplasmic staining; and 3, circumferential membranous reactivity in >50% of tumor cells, irrespective of the presence of cytoplasmic staining. Cases with a score of 2–3 were considered as positive, and 0–1 were considered as negative.

All slides were evaluated independently by two investigators (Y.L. and L.X.) who were blinded to the patient clinical data. Any discordant results were subsequently reviewed together to reach agreement or determine an average value for disputed sections.

Treatment

The 54 patients were administered octreotide LAR from a starting dose of 20–40 mg, administered by intramuscular injection once every 28 days, and the treatment continued until disease progression, evidenced by imaging or occurrence of adverse reactions that rendered further drug administration impossible. The treatment was suspended or the therapeutic dose was adjusted (increasing or reducing the dose, or shortening the interval between injections) depending on tumor control or functional symptoms (carcinoid syndrome and diarrhea) and the severity of adverse reactions. In the present study, there were six patients whose dose was increased to 30–40 mg during the period of treatment, and a single patient's dose was increased to 60 mg, with the interval between injections being shortened to 21 days. The reasons for adjustment of therapeutic dose or interval of injections for the seven patients were exacerbation of the functional symptoms. Tumors in the chest, abdomen and pelvic cavity were measured prior to treatment and once every 4–12 weeks following treatment by using three-dimension spiral computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, and the size of tumor was evaluated by the imaging experts. The patient clinicopathological data, as well as the data of imaging examination following octreotide LAR treatment, were collected.

Efficacy and safety assessments

The primary study endpoint was TTP. The secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR) and stable disease (SD) rate. The adverse reactions were evaluated according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4.0) published by the U.S. National Cancer Institute (23).

Statistical analysis

SPSS version 16.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was employed for statistical analysis of the data. Descriptive statistics of qualitative data such as patient's general data, positive expression rates, treatment evaluation and adverse reactions, were expressed as numbers and percentages. The results of SSTR2 and SSTR5 expression analysis were compared in terms of various clinicopathological data, including functional status, tumor site, grade, type and stage. Statistical evaluation was performed by means of the χ2 tests. OS and TTP analyses were performed using Kaplan-Meier survival plots and comparisons between groups were made with the log-rank test. ORR and SD rate were described using percentage, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Immunohistochemical expression of SSTR2 and SSTR5 in GEP-NEN

As shown in Fig. 1, SSTR2 was positively immunostained in the membrane of tumor cells, and varied from weak-incomplete to strong-complete staining. The overall expression rate of SSTR2 was 67.8% (97/143). Membranous SSTR5 immunopositivity was noted in 56.6% (81/143) of tumors. No nuclear immunostaining was observed.

Figure 1. Immunohistochemical staining of SSTR2 and SSTR5 in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (using the EnVision method). (A) Pancreatic NET, G2, SSTR2-negative staining. (B) Pancreatic NET, G2, SSTR5-negative staining. (C) Pancreatic NET, G2, strong SSTR2-positive staining. (D) Pancreatic NET, G2, strong SSTR5-positive staining. For each panel: Upper panel magnification, ×20; lower panel magnification, ×40. SSTR, somatostatin receptor; NET, neuroendocrine tumor.

Association of SSTR2 and SSTR5 expression with clinicopathological variables

SSTR2 expression was increased in tumors with hormonal syndrome (P=0.041). Patients with pancreatic tumors had a significantly increased SSTR2 expression compared with gastrointestinal (GI) tumors (79.7 vs. 58.2%; P=0.006). Poorly differentiated tumors [G3 tumors and neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) + mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC)] had lower SSTR2 expression compared with well- and moderately-differentiated tumors [G1, G2 tumors and neuroendocrine tumor (NET); P<0.001]. The expression rate of SSTR2 in tumors of stage I and II was 77.5%, which was markedly increased compared with tumors of stage III and IV (58.3%; P=0.014). Similarly, SSTR5 was significantly increased in pancreatic and well-differentiated tumors compared with in gastrointestinal and poorly differentiated tumors (P=0.022, P=0.008 and P=0.002, respectively). The expression rates and statistical data are summarized in Table III.

Table III. Association of SSTR2 and SSTR5 expression with clinicopathological variables (n=143).

Table III.

Association of SSTR2 and SSTR5 expression with clinicopathological variables (n=143).

Characteristic	n	SSTR2 positive, n (%)	χ2 value	P-value	SSTR5 positive, n (%)	χ2 value	P-value
Functional status			4.181	0.041		0.692	0.406
Nonfunctional	113	72 (63.7)			62 (54.9)
Functional	30	25 (83.3)			19 (63.3)
Site			7.462	0.006		5.245	0.022
Gastrointestinal tract	79	46 (58.2)			38 (48.1)
Pancreas	64	51 (79.7)			43 (67.2)
Tumor grade			20.330	<0.001		9.570	0.008
G1	69	55 (79.7)			45 (65.2)
G2	39	29 (74.4)			24 (61.5)
G3	35	13 (37.1)			12 (34.3)
Tumor type			23.400	<0.001		9.492	0.002
NET	110	86 (78.2)			70 (63.6)
NEC+MANEC	33	11 (33.3)			11 (33.3)
Tumor stage			5.996	0.014		0.070	0.792
I+II	71	55 (77.5)			41 (57.7)
III+IV	72	42 (58.3)			40 (55.6)

[i] SSTR, somatostatin receptor; NET, neuroendocrine tumor; NEC, neuroendocrine carcinoma; MANEC, mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma.

Association of SSTR2 and SSTR5 expression with survival

A total of 116/143 patients received long-term follow up with a median duration of 3.36 years (range, 0.02–15.05 years). At the final follow-up, 36 patients (31.0%) had succumbed to the disease. The major causes of mortality were tumor-associated (34/36; 94.4%), and treatment-associated adverse events (2/36; 5.6%; both succumbed from surgical complications). Only NEN-associated mortalities were considered as events for survival analysis.

Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed that the median OS time of patients with positive expression of SSTR2 was not reached (NR), while patients with negative expression had a median OS of 3.48 years, which demonstrated a statistically significant difference (χ2=8.758, P=0.003). Similarly, SSTR5 positive expression also predicted improved survival compared with negative expression (the median OS times were NR and 7.22 years, respectively; χ2=6.396, P=0.011) (Fig. 2).

Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier curves. Overall survival by (A) SSTR2 and (B) SSTR5 expression in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm. SSTR, somatostatin receptor; Cum, cumulative.

Efficacy assessment

All 54 patients that received octreotide LAR were followed up for a period of 3.2–164.5 months, with a median follow-up period of 31.8 months. By the conclusion of follow-up, 11 of the patients died of progressive disease (PD) and 26 of the patients were still receiving octreotide LAR treatment. The median OS was not reached and the median TTP was 20.2 months (95% CI, 13.9–26.5%) (Fig. 3). Imaging evaluation was performed for all patients according to RECIST, and three patients achieved partial remission (PR), with the ORR being 5.6% (95% CI, 0.0–11.7%). A total of 43 patients achieved SD, with the SD rate being 79.6% (95% CI, 68.9–90.4%) and 8 patients demonstrated PD. At the conclusion of follow-up, there were still three patients achieving PR, 26 patients achieving SD and 25 patients demonstrating PD.

Figure 3. Kaplan-Meier curves. (A) Overall survival and (B) time to progression in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor patients with octreotide long-acting release treatment. Cum, cumulative.

The median TTP in all 54 patients treated with octreotide LAR was not associated with the patient's functional status, tumor site, Ki67 index and whether or not they received other anti-tumor therapy prior to octreotide LAR treatment or combined therapy (P=0.116, P=0.665, P=0.512, P=0.256 and P=0.817, respectively). No associations between the expression of SSTR2 and SSTR5 and median TTP were evident (P=0.352 and 0.575, respectively; Table IV).

Table IV. Time to progression and its association with the sub-groups (n=54).

Table IV.

Time to progression and its association with the sub-groups (n=54).

Characteristics	n	Median (months)	95% CI	χ2 value	P-value
Patients with octreotide LAR treatment	54	20.2	13.9–26.5
Functional status				2.474	0.116
Non-functional	41	17.5	11.0–23.9
Functional	13	67.9	NC
Tumor site				0.188	0.665
Gastrointestinal tract	13	17.5	0.0–43.7
Pancreas	41	20.2	12.0–28.4
Ki-67 index (%)				1.340	0.512
≤2	11	67.9	NC
3–10	33	20.6	15.0–26.2
>10	10	10.9	3.3–18.5
Previous treatment				1.288	0.256
No	16	NR	NC
Yes	38	16.0	5.6–26.5
Combined therapy				0.053	0.817
No	31	17.5	4.5–30.5
Yes	23	20.2	10.9–29.5
SSTR2 expressiona				0.867	0.352
Positive	19	20.6	10.5–30.7
Negative	3	9.4	NC
SSTR5 expressiona				0.314	0.575
Positive	18	16.0	6.4–25.7
Negative	4	NR	NC

a In total, 22 cases for both SSTR2 and SSTR5 expression were observed. CI, confidence interval; NR, not reached; NC, not computable; LAR, long-acting release; SSTR, somatostatin receptor.

Safety assessment

A total of 14/54 (25.9%) patients experienced adverse drug reactions during the period of octreotide LAR treatment, and the most common grade 1–2 adverse events (AEs) were diarrhea (16.7%), abdominal distension (7.4%), abdominal pain (7.4%) and elevation of blood glucose (1.9%). Octreotide LAR-associated AEs occurred 1–4 weeks following administration of the drug, primarily in the initial one or two weeks. All of the above AEs were relieved or remedied following symptomatic treatment. No serious adverse events (SAE) were observed during the present study. None of the patients required dose reduction or drug withdrawal due to AE.

Discussion

The wide expression of SSTRs in neuroendocrine tumors has been investigated by various methods (2–4). Immunohistochemistry appears to be a reliable and reproducible technique to detect the SSTRs in GEP-NEN with clear advantages, including low cost, easy operation and allowing the SSTR profile determination of GEP-NEN in the clinical setting (24). The expression rates of SSTR2 and SSTR5 with immunohistochemistry in GEP-NEN have been reported in previous studies to be within the range of 60–93 and 38–83%, respectively (2,5,24–28). In the present study, it was observed that the overall expression rates of SSTR2 and SSTR5 were 67.8 and 56.6%, comprising a total of 143 samples from GEP-NEN patients, which was comparable to previous studies.

Srirajaskanthan et al (29) reported that SSTR2 and SSTR5 expression were inversely correlated with neuroendocrine tumor grade. Low to intermediate-grade tumors, which were also well-differentiated, had increased SSTR expression compared with high-grade tumors (P<0.005) (29). In line with previous findings, the present study demonstrated a gradual decline in SSTR2 and SSTR5 expression of well-(G1, G2 and NET) and poorly-differentiated tumors (G3 and NEC+MANEC; P<0.001, P<0.001, P=0.008, P=0.002, respectively). The present study also observed that SSTR2 and SSTR5 were significantly more likely to be expressed in pancreatic tumors than GI tumors (P=0.006 and 0.022, respectively). In addition, SSTR2 expression was significantly increased in tumors with hormonal syndrome and TNM stage I and II (P=0.041 and 0.014, respectively); however, SSTR5 was not. These data are inconsistent with the results of previous studies (2,25,30), which revealed that no association was observed between SSTR expression and tumor location, functional status and TNM stage. However, these previous studies mainly focused on particular types of GEP-NENs, including well-differentiated endocrine tumors or a single site of tumor (pancreas). According to the above results in this study, it was observed that SSTR subtype expression demonstrates marked heterogeneity and differences in tumor sites and differentiation, and a decrease in SSTR2 and SSTR5 expression with increasing malignancy in GEP-NEN.

Previous studies investigating SSTR subtype expression as a prognostic factor have shown conflicting results. In a study of 60 patients with GEP-NEN, Kaemmerer et al (31) showed that positive staining for SSTR2 (n=54) was associated with significantly longer OS as compared to negative staining (n=6; median OS, 49.5 vs. 16.5 months; P<0.001). Corleto et al (32) observed a significantly better survival rate in patients with well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors expressing SSTR2, SSTR5 and Ki-67<2% simultaneously. However, Papotti et al (2) reported no statistically significant correlation between SSTR subtype expression and clinical outcome in 54 cases. This discrepancy may be due to the small number of a negligible SSTR2 expression cases, and the differences in tumor origin and differentiation. Although the present results concerning the association between SSTR expression and survival were inconsistent, the current study indicated that patients with SSTR2 and SSTR5 positive expression had an improved prognosis.

SSAs have been proved in many clinical studies to be able to inhibit the secretion of tumor-producing hormones by binding with SSTRs on the surface of neuroendocrine neoplasm cells. Placebo controlled PROMID and CLARINET studies have further discovered that SSAs have anti-tumor activity along with inhibiting hormone secretion (11,12). The present investigation conducted a multicenter retrospective study of octreotide LAR in the treatment of 54 Chinese patients with unresectable, well-differentiated advanced or metastatic GEP-NETs, finding that the overall median TTP was 20.2 months (95% CI, 13.9–26.5), with an ORR of 5.6% and an SD rate of 79.6%. Analysis of the subgroups showed that differences in the median TTP were not statistically significant regarding the primary site of tumor (GI tract and pancreas) and functional status (P=0.665 and P=0.116, respectively). The above results were similar to the results of the studies in the Western population, indicating that octreotide LAR is effective in Chinese GEN-NET patients, regardless of whether the primary site is GI tract or pancreas and whether the tumor is functional or not.

A retrospective study comprising 43 patients with pancreatic NET treated with octreotide LAR conducted by Jann et al (33) revealed that patients with a Ki67 ≤10% showed a longer median TTP than those with a Ki67 >10%. In the present study, although no statistically significant difference was observed (P=0.512), a tendency for octreotide LAR to show improved efficacy in patients with Ki67 ≤10% (the median TTP in patients with Ki67 ≤2%, Ki67 of 3–10% and Ki67 >10% was 67.9, 20.6 and 10.9 months, respectively) was identified. The above results suggested that patients with lower proliferation index appear to have a longer TTP and may be candidates for octreotide LAR treatment.

In the present study, the therapeutic dose was increased or the interval of injection was shortened for 7/54 patients during the period of octreotide LAR treatment, due to exacerbation of the functional symptoms, and the patient symptoms were thus improved. Previous studies showed that increases in the dose or frequency of SSA may be considered for patients with poor control of symptoms and tumors, particularly in cases where disease was previously stabilized at a lower dose (34–37). Therefore, efficacy can be obtained again by adjusting the dose of SSA or the interval of treatment in clinical practice.

To the best of our knowledge, there have been few studies focused on the predictive value of SSTR immunohistochemistry in determining the treatment response to SSA. In the present study, the differences between SSTR subtype expression and median TTP were not statistically significant (P=0.352 and P=0.575, respectively). Such an association was limited in the present study because of heterogeneous biological behavior of the disease and a small number of patients with SSTR subtype detection (22 patients). Large clinical trials should be designed to validate the role of somatostatin receptor immunohistochemical profile in the prediction of clinical response.

SSA is a therapeutic approach that has much fewer side effects and higher safety than targeted drugs (18,38) or cytotoxic drugs (39,40). In the PROMID study, 11 (12.9%) of the 85 patients experienced SAE, with the common adverse reactions in the octreotide LAR group being diarrhea and abdominal distension, and five of the patients discontinued the treatment due to AE (11). In the CLARINET study, 50% of the 101 patients in the lanreotide group experienced AEs, and three (3.0%) of the patients experienced SAE, one of whom withdrew from the study due to AE (12). Adverse reactions observed in the present study were diarrhea, abdominal distension and abdominal pain, being similar to those in the aforementioned studies. However, octreotide LAR showed improved safety in Chinese patients on the whole, with a lower incidence (25.9%) of AE, and none of the patients experienced an SAE or required dose reduction or drug withdrawal due to AE.

In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that SSTR2 and SSTR5 are heterogeneously expressed in GEP-NEN with different tumor sites and differentiation. Both markers could serve as potential prognostic factors to predict survival. Furthermore, although the present retrospective study included only 54 cases, the efficacy and safety of octreotide LAR in China was investigated for the first time. It was observed that octreotide LAR is effective in the treatment of Chinese patients with well-differentiated advanced GEP-NET, with a low incidence of adverse reactions.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Dr Yuan Gao (Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China) for skillful writing assistance.

Glossary

Abbreviations

Abbreviations:

References