MDM2 binding protein as a predictor of metastasis and a novel prognostic biomarker in patients with gastric cancer
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- Published online on: September 22, 2017 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7031
- Pages: 6409-6416
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Copyright: © Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common human malignant disease and the second leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide (1–4). Although considerable advances have been made in early diagnosis, surgical techniques and medical treatment, the 5-year survival rate remains poor, particularly in China (5,6). Recurrence and metastasis are the biggest obstacles to the treatment of GC. Therefore, novel prognostic and predictive markers are necessary to improve the assessment of patient outcome and to guide more targeted and individualized therapeutic decisions.
MDM2 binding protein (MTBP), a 104 kDa protein with no known functional motifs, was originally identified as a protein that interacts with the oncoprotein, murine double minute (MDM2), using a yeast two-hybrid screen to bind to the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2 (7). MTBP expression can be detected in a wide variety of tissues, with the highest levels of expression in the thymus, testis and ovary. Furthermore, the same tissues exhibited the highest levels of expression of MDM2 (7). A previous study demonstrated that decreased MTBP expression level was associated with tumor metastasis (8). Clinically, loss of MTBP expression is associated with reduced survival of patients with head and neck carcinoma (9). Overexpression of MTBP protects MDM2 from self-ubiquitination, which induces MDM2 stabilization and p53 degradation (10). MDM2 is a major negative regulator of the tumor suppressor p53 (11,12). p53, a potent growth suppressive and proapoptotic molecule, may serve a key role in cell-cycle regulation and be central to protecting cells from uncontrolled growth (13,14). p53 is also the most frequently altered protein in human cancer (15). In total, ~50% of all human malignancies harbor mutations or deletions in the p53 gene that disable the tumor suppressor function of the encoded protein (16,17). A subsequent study revealed that MTBP regulated p53 via modulation of MDM2 ubiquitin ligase activity (10). Boyd et al (7) reported that overexpression of MTBP induced G1 arrest of the cell cycle independent of p53. MTBP contributed to p53/MDM2 homeostasis and generated MTBP-reactive antisera, and MTBP phenotypes have been identified to be compatible with potentially oncogenic and tumor suppressive activities for this gene (7,10). In particular, overexpression of MTBP in tumor cell lines increased MDM2 ubiquitin ligase activity, which induced p53 degradation, whereas suppression of MTBP expression had the opposite effect (7,10). MTBP has been involved in tumor progression of patients with head and neck cancer; it may predict disease progression for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (9).
The present study evaluated MTBP expression level in gastric tissue microarrays (TMA) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and its clinical significances. The results demonstrated the crucial role of MTBP as a prognostic and metastatic marker as well as a novel potential therapeutic target in GC.
Materials and methods
Patient selection and tissue specimens
Tissue samples were obtained from 352 patients with GC who underwent surgical resection at the Department of Gastric Cancer and Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center from April 2010 to April 2011. No preoperative chemotherapy or radiotherapy had been performed in any of these cases. In the present study, there were 275 men and 77 women with a mean age of 58 years (range, 32–88 years). The clinical data of patients were obtained from the medical record of Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (Shanghai, China). Ethical approval for human subjects was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients prior to enrollment in the present study. One pair of tissue samples was obtained from each of the 352 patients. All patients were regularly followed-up by telephone. The duration of follow-up was defined as the interval from the date of the treatment to the date of mortality or the final follow-up, with the final follow-up being the 15th of December 2014. The clinicopathological characteristics of patients in the TMA are summarized in Table I. Tumor size was defined as the maximum diameter of the tumor. Tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification of gastric carcinoma was based on the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system (18). Borrman type was classified as previously described (19). Histological grade was classified according to the Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma as well, moderately and poorly differentiated (20). Preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were obtained using an ELISA kit according to the manufacturer's protocol (cat no. ab99992; Abcam, Cambridge, UK). Briefly, the assay employed anti-human CEA antibody coated onto a 96-well plate. Standard or serum samples were pipetted into the wells and CEA present in samples was bound to the wells by the immobilized antibody. The wells were washed and biotinylated anti-human CEA antibody was added. Following the washing of unbound biotinylated antibody, horseradish peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin was pipetted into the wells. The wells were washed again, tetramethylbenzidine substrate solution was added and color developed in proportion to the amount of bound CEA. Absorbance value was measured at 450 nm. CEA concentration in serum was achieved according to standard curves.
 | Table I.Association between MTBP expression levels and clinicopathological characteristics of gastric cancer. |
TMA construction
TMAs were constructed as described previously (21). In brief, identical 1.5 mm diameter cylinders from the center of the tumor were included from each case. Cylinders from the donor blocks were transferred to the recipient paraffin block at defined array positions. Consecutive 4 mm sections were placed on 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane coated slides (in collaboration with Shanghai Biochip Company, Shanghai, China). Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides from each tissue block were reviewed by a senior consultant pathologist, and performed according to a previously described protocol (22).
Immunohistochemical staining
IHC was performed as previously described (23). Sections (4 µm) of primary gastric adenocarcinoma and the adjacent normal gastric tissues were subjected to immunohistochemical staining as follows: Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections were deparaffinized in xylene, rehydrated in a graded alcohol series and washed with PBS. Subsequently, the tissue sections were immersed in 10 mmol/l citrate buffer (pH 6.0) and heated in a microwave for 30 min. Following cooling to room temperature, endogenous peroxidase was blocked by incubation with 3% H2O2 in methanol (36°C, 60 min). Nonspecific binding was blocked by incubating the tissue sections with 1% bovine serum albumin (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) in a humid chamber for 60 min at 4°C. Incubation with the primary antibodies was subsequently performed overnight at 4°C using mouse anti-human MTBP (dilution, 1:200; cat no. sc-99047; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA). The negative controls were treated identically but with the primary antibodies omitted. Subsequently, incubation with suitable secondary antibodies (cat no. pk-6100; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA) at room temperature. Finally, diaminobenzidine (Vector Laboratories) was used for signal development, and the sections were counterstained with 20% hematoxylin for 8 min at room temperature. Detection was performed using a Dako EnVision system (Dako; Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA).
Immunohistochemical evaluation
The expression level of MTBP in tumor and normal adjacent tissues was assessed by two investigators blinded to the clinical data and to the other investigator's score. The scores were determined by the proportion of positive tumor cells and the intensity of the coloring for MTBP, as described previously (9). MTBP cytoplasmic expression level was initially assigned an intensity grade: 0, no staining; 1, weak staining; 2, moderate staining; and 3, strong staining. Nuclear MTBP staining was scored positive or negative. The scores were categorized into 2 groups: Low expression (0/1 cytoplasmic staining) with no nuclear staining and high expression (2/3 cytoplasmic staining) and/or nuclear positivity.
Western blotting
The reagents and protocols used were described in detail previously (24). Paired tumor tissues and surrounding non-tumor tissues were ground to powder in liquid nitrogen and lysed with SDS-PAGE sample buffer. Primary antibodies against MTBP were purchased from Abcam (1:500; cat no. ab115529) and used according to the manufacturer's instructions. A monoclonal antibody against GAPDH (1:1,000; cat no. sc-69778; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) was used as an internal control. GAPDH was used as a control. The primary antibodies were detected with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (1:1,000; cat no. sc-2351; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.); Immunoreactive bands were visualized using SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent Substrate (cat no. NCI5080; Pierce; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). The gray value of each band was measured and data are presented as a ratio to GAPDH (ImageJ 1.46; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Each experiment was repeated ≥3 times.
Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)
As described previously (25), total RNA was extracted from tumor and normal adjacent tissues using TRIzol® reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). RT-qPCR analysis was performed using an ABI PRISM 7500 Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Each well (20 µl reaction volume) contained 10 µl Power SYBR-Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 1 µl of each primer (5 µmol/l) and 1 µl template. The following primers were used: MTBP forward, 5′-TCCTGTAGTTTCGTCAGATCCT-3′ and reverse, 5′-CCGTTTCAATCGGGATACTTCA-3′. GAPDH forward, 5′-ACAGCCTCAAGATCATCAGCA-3′ and reverse, 5′-ATGAGTCCTTCCACGATACCA-3′. GAPDH was used as internal control. Quantification was performed as described previously (25).
Statistical analyses
All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 19.0 for Windows (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The associations between MTBP expression level and clinicopathological characteristics were evaluated using the χ2 test. Cumulative survival time was determined by the Kaplan-Meier method using GraphPad Prism software (version 5.0; GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA), and differences in survival curves were analyzed using the log-rank test. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the association between MTBP expression level and metastasis. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox's proportional hazards regression model on all significant characteristics evaluated for univariate analysis. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
MTBP mRNA and protein expression levels in GC tissues and normal adjacent tissues
Representative data are presented in Fig. 1. RT-qPCR and western blot analysis were used to confirm mRNA and protein expression levels. The mean expression level of MTBP mRNA in normal tissues was significantly higher compared with in tumor tissues (P<0.0001; Fig. 1A). Furthermore, the MTBP mRNA expression level was significantly lower in 17/20 (85%) GC tissues compared with in the matched adjacent normal gastric mucosa tissues (Fig. 1B).
The difference in MTBP expression levels between tumors and normal tissues revealed at the protein level was investigated by western blotting. The representative western blotting results in six cases are presented in (Fig. 1C). The relative level of MTBP expression was normalized to the GAPDH of the same samples. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the expression level of MTBP protein was markedly decreased in 10/14 (71.4%) gastric tumor tissues compared with in the corresponding adjacent normal tissues, which was consistent with that of the RT-qPCR results. The average MTBP protein expression level in 14 GC tissues was significantly lower compared with in the matched adjacent normal gastric mucosa tissues (P<0.05) (Fig. 1D). Fig. 1E revealed that normal tissues demonstrated higher expression levels of MTBP (81%), statistical analysis revealed a lower expression level of MTBP in gastric tumors (19%) compared with in adjacent normal tissues (P<0.05).
Association between MTBP expression level and clinicopathological characteristics in GC
To elucidate the biological significance of MTBP in GC, the present study examined the immunohistochemical expression levels of MTBP in GC tissues (Fig. 2). MTBP staining was mainly located in the cytoplasm and/or the nucleus of tumor cells, as presented in Table II, consistent with that of a previous study (9). As presented in Table I, there were no significant associations between the expression level of MTBP protein and age, tumor size, Borrmann type, depth of invasion, histological grade or preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen expression levels in patients with GC. However, the expression level of MTBP was significantly associated with gender, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and pathological tumor-node-metastasis (pTNM) stage in GC tissues.
Predictive significance of MTBP expression level in GC with distant and lymph node metastases
It was revealed that low MTBP expression level was associated with higher distant metastasis and lymph node metastases rate (Fig. 3). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the independently predictive significance of MTBP expression level for distant and lymph node metastases (Table III). The results demonstrated that the tumor size [OR, 1.942; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.031–3.659; P=0.040] and MTBP expression level (OR, 0.365; 95% CI, 0.138–0.965; P=0.042) were independently associated with distant metastasis. As described above, the multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that MTBP expression level was significantly associated with the presence of lymph node metastasis (OR, 0.282; 95% CI, 0.161–0.494; P<0.001) (all Table III).
Prognostic significance of MTBP expression level in GC tissues
To investigate the prognostic value of MTBP expression level in patients with GC, overall survival (OS) analysis was performed in 352 patients with GC. The 1- and 3-year OS rates were 88.1 and 72.4%, respectively. The OS rate of the high-level expression group was significantly longer compared with that of the low-level expression group (Fig. 4).
Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the predictors for OS (Table IV). To further determine the effect of MTBP expression on OS, the present study first performed univariate analysis of traditional clinicopathological variables for prognosis. In univariate analysis, low expression level of MTBP (P=0.017), larger tumor size (P=0.001), lymph node metastasis (P=0.001), elevated preoperative CEA (P=0.047) and TNM stage (P<0.001) were revealed to be associated with a poor OS rate of patients with GC. Furthermore, to evaluate the independent impact of MTBP expression level on OS, a multivariate Cox's regression model was performed. The results demonstrated that low MTBP expression level (HR, 0.633; 95% CI, 0.417–0.961) was a poor independent prognostic factor for OS in patients with GC. In addition, tumor size (HR, 0.582; 95% CI, 0.389–0.871) and TNM stage (HR, 2.720; 95% CI, 1.395–5.305) revealed independent prognostic value in the multivariate analysis (Table IV).
Discussion
MTBP is a protein that interacts with MDM2, a major inhibitor of the tumor suppressor p53. p53 was identified as a tumor suppressor protein and is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer (14,16). Alam et al (26) revealed that the impact of this particular protein MTBP is to stabilize the steady state expression level of MDM2.
MTBP is a cellular protein and the expression levels have been found to be higher in cancer cells (8,9). It has been established that MTBP serves a role in the suppression of tumor progression, and MTBP has been considered to be a biomarker for various types of cancer. However, the role of MTBP in GC remains unknown. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first attempt to elucidate the role of MTBP in GC. The present study revealed that MTBP expression level was reduced in GC tissues compared with in matched non-tumor tissues, which implied that MTBP may be a candidate tumor suppressor molecule in GC. Furthermore, the present study investigated the expression level of MTBP in 352 GC tissues by IHC. It was demonstrated that MTBP was significantly associated with gender, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and pTNM stage. Agarwal et al (27) revealed that overexpression of MTBP in osteosarcoma cells suppressed metastasis with little effect on primary tumor growth in an orthotopic mouse model, and that MTBP inhibited cell migration and filopodia formation. The present study demonstrated that MTBP expression level was significantly associated with the OS rate of patients with GC. Kaplan-Meier analysis of OS revealed that a unique cohort of patients with GC with low MTBP expression level exhibited significantly poorer OS rate, indicating that low MTBP expression level was a marker of poor prognosis for patients with GC. Furthermore, Cox proportional hazards model revealed that MTBP status was an independent prognostic predictor for patients with GC. Vlatkovic et al (9) demonstrated that loss of MTBP expression was associated with reduced survival of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and served as an independent prognostic factor. These observations indicated that MTBP expression levels may serve as a powerful novel prognosticator of GC. The TMA immunohistochemical assay of the present study supported this hypothesis, as the TMA results and clinical data revealed that MTBP exhibited a positive impact on patient outcomes. Thus, MTBP may constitute a molecular prognostic marker for patients with GC, identifying the individuals who are more likely to have a higher risk of mortality. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the positive role of MTBP in patients with GC. However, this present retrospective cohort study was limited to relatively small case series. Therefore, further validation is required.
In conclusion, the present study determined that MTBP serves a critical role in the suppression of tumor progression and metastasis formation of GC. MTBP expression levels demonstrated significant associations with tumor metastasis. These findings suggested that MTBP may be a potential prognostic marker for GC, and possibly an individual therapeutic target.
Acknowledgements
The present study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81272726), the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (grant no. 20110071120097) and Shanghai Municipal Health Bureau Research Project (grant no. 20114174).
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