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Introduction

The increase in the hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancer surgery, the anatomic variations of the celiac axis (also called the celiac trunk or celiac artery (CAT) in the literature) and the hepatic arteries is of paramount importance in hepato-pancreatico-billary (HPB) surgery. In the literature vascular anomalies in the peripancreatic region are divided into variations of the superior mesenteric area, the celiac trunk and hepatic artery. The information about the abdomen arterial anatomy is derived from the radiology and anatomy literature. Typically, coeliac trunk arises anteriorly from abdominal aorta at the level of twelfth thoracic vertebrae, just the aorta enters the abdomen. Then courses anteriorly or slightly anterolateral in the lesser sac and at the upper border of the pancreas divides into three branches: Left gastric artery (LGA), splenic artery (SA) and common hepatic artery (CHA) (1). A normal CAT anatomy was found in 89.1% of patients (1). The length of coeliac axis from its origin to the place where it gave of main branches is 1.5–2 cm. The diameters of SA, CHA and LGA are 5, 6 and 4 mm, respectively (2).

The patterns of hepatic arterial anatomy are not constant. The normal anatomy of the hepatic artery is a CHA arising from the coeliac axis and coursing to the point where the gastroduodenal artery (GDA) arises, beyond which it becomes the proper hepatic artery (PHA). CHA typically passes forward for a short distance in the retroperitoneum and then emerges at the superior border of the pancreas and left side of common hepatic duct. After arising from CAT, CHA turns upwards and runs lateral and adjacent to the common bile duct. GDA is the first branch of CHA which supplies the proximal duodenum and pancreas. The right gastric artery takes off shortly thereafter and continues within the lesser omentum along the lesser curve of the stomach. At this point, CHA is referred to as PHA, which courses towards the hilum and soon divides into LHA and RHA. In 80% cases, RHA courses posterior to the common hepatic duct before entering the hepatic parenchyma; in 20% cases RHA may lie anterior to the common hepatic duct (3). This normal anatomy of CHA accounting for 25 to 75% of the cases (1,4,5). Anomalies during embryogenesis however might result in a variety of anatomic variants and most common variants are: From aorta: 0.5–2%; from SMA: 1.5–3.5% (1,4,5). On the basis of the literature two main paths of CHA can be distinguished. These two variation can have a significant impact on surgical cut: i) The extra-parynchemal path (outside the pancreas head)-CHA is coming out SMA and is passing to the liver on the posterior surface of the pancreas head; in this case the dissection of this artery from the pancreas without pancreas head injury is not difficult; ii) the intra-parynchemal path (in the pancreas head)-CHA is coming out superior mesenteric artery and is going to the liver hilum through head parenchyma; in this case it might be difficult to save intra-parenchymal part of the CHA (when saving of CHA is impossible it is necessary to reconstruct it due to performing end to end anastomosis with gastro-duodenal artery).

We report two cases of associated CAT and CHA anomaly with their clinical importance. This paper is a retrospectively prepared analysis and review of the literature based on two independent rare cases connected with pancreatico-billary surgery. The presented subject is highly in the area of interests of the Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Lublin which mainly concentrate on surgery of gastrointestinal tract cancers; moreover the Department is an academic centre and is focused on training in surgical oncology. We describe hepatic arterial anatomic variants: Where a hepatic arterial system (HAS) arising directly from SMA and traveling posterior to the pancreatic head and vena porta. We discuss the importance of these arterial variants and implications of surgery management.

Case reports

Case 1

(CHA originated from SMA, hepatomesenteric trunk). A 44-year-old man presented with tumour of the pancreatic head [diameter 1.4×1.1 cm on computed tomography (CT) scan]. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) revealed a common bile duct structure and atypical cells, and a stent was placed. CT scan demonstrated a CHA arising directly from the SMA (Fig. 1). Intraoperatively, a palpable mass 3×4 cm in the pancreatic head was found and suspected anomalies of the hepatic artery were confirmed after extended Kocher's manoeuvre and careful dissection of peripancreatic and retroperitoneal space with so-called ‘artery first’ approach. ‘Radical’ pylorus preserving pancreatoduodenectomy with curative intent was performed. No postoperative complications were observed and patient was discharged from the hospital on 10th postoperative day. Pathologic evaluation revealed a T4N0M0 pancreatic tubular adenocarcinoma resected with positive retroperitoneal margin (R1). Regional lymphadenectomy enabled pathological examintion of 27 lymph nodes without metastases. On 19th postoperative day the patient was readmitted to the hospital due to pancreatic fistula type B. The complication was effectively managed conservatively for 16 days. Thirty five days after operation patient was scheduled for systemic adjuvant chemotherapy.

Figure 1. Anomalous origin of common hepatic artery from SMA. (A) Axial scan, abdominal computed tomography, shows proximal common hepatic artery running posterior to portal vein. (B) Volume rendering, abdominal computer tomography. (C) Intraoperative view: 1, portal vein; 2, SMA; 3, common hepatic artery; 4, splenic artey; 5, superior mesenteric vein; 6, splenic vein; 7, liver; 8, proper hepatic artery; 9, bile ducts; 10, tail of pancreas; 11, gastroduodenal artery stump. SMA, superior mesenteric artery.

Case 2

(CHA originated from SMA, hepatomesenteric trunk). A 67-year-old man presented with a pancreatic head cancer. CT scan demonstrated focal tumour in the head of the pancreas. CT arteriography showed a CHA originating from the SMA and traveling posterior to the head of the pancreas as well as posterior to Vena Porta (Fig. 2). After division of the pancreatic neck anterior to the superior mesenteric vein, mobilization of the pancreas head and uncinated process exposed the CHA and GDA. We performed pylorus preserving pancreatoduodenectomy sp. Traverso-Longmire and cholecystectomy. Patient's postoperative hospitalization lasted 10 days. He did well postoperatively and pathologic evaluation confirmed adenocarcinoma tubulare et papillare partim gelatinosum (G1), pT2N1M0 with negative margins. Next pathologist examined 44 lymph nodes and in 3 found component of cancer cells. Patient was qualified for systemic chemotherapy.

Figure 2. Anomalous origin of common hepatic artery (arrow) from the superior mesenteric artery. (A) Axial scan, magnetic resonance imaging. (B) Coronal MIP reformation, computer tomography.

Discussion

Nowadays, there are many improvements and developments in abdomen surgical techniques: upper abdominal videolaparoscopic surgeries, liver transplantation and radiological procedures (6,7). All of invasive procedures in the abdomen need for professional and wide knowledge of the anatomy of the CAT, HAS and their main variations. The frequency of inadvertent or iatrogenic hepatic vascular injury increases in the event of aberrant anatomy and variations. The knowledge of anatomical liver vascular variants is crucial for decreasing operative and postoperative morbidity and mortality during the performance of hepatic and pancreatic surgeries (7–9). Fortunately, along with the development of surgical techniques come the improvement in radiological visualization. Pre-operative imaging can detect even up to 60–80% of all artery anomalies (8). The gold standard for arterial supply visualization remains angiography, nevertheless the huge impact of multidetector computer tomography (CT) angiography and modern reconstruction programs should be noted. Usage of maximum intensity projection and three-dimensional volume rendering techniques allows the non-invasive visualization of small arteries in multidetector CT angiography (10).

Arterial vascularisation of the gastrointestinal tract is provided by anterior branches at three different levels of the abdominal aorta (coeliac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries). Haller (1756) was described CAT as the trifurcation which originates on the LGA, SA and CHA (6,11). Since that observation many variations and anomalous were described (7). The normal anatomy of CAT and it branches is observed in 60–89,1% of cases, while normal hepatic arterial supply can be seen in 52–80.3% of cases (10). Most of anatomical variations come from foetal developmental changes in the ventral segmental arteries. Tandler (1904) gave an embryological explanation for anatomical variations of CAT (11) where explained that the ventral branches develop initially from the abdominal aorta as paired vessels, which form four roots connected by ventral longitudinal anastomosis. LGA is usually formed by the first root, the second root gives the beginning for the SA and the third root creates CHA; SMA develops from the last root, which migrates caudally with the gut (6,11). Quoting Morita, the disappearance of primitive ventral splanchnic arteries and longitudinal anastomosis is the reason for numerous anomalous of the CAT, as it was schematically presented in Fig. 3 (11).

Figure 3. Embryological development of gastrointestinal arterial supply. A schematic drawing which depicts Tandler longitudinal anastamosis and posterior regression of some of the roots resulting in normal and anomalous digestive arterial trunks.

In the paper we aimed to illustrate several types of anatomical variations of celiac trunk, hepatic artery and its main branches, based on description of rare clinical cases. We described two independent cases of such rare anomalies. Moreover, we also focused on surgical implications and an establishment of practical tips for surgeons during abdominal surgery especially HPB surgery.

In the literature classical course of CAT is reported with a frequency of 72–90% (6,12). According to the Uflacker's classification (6,13) the most commonly observed CAT variations are: Hepatosplenic trunk (3% of cases), splenogastric trunk (4%), hepatogastric trunk (1%), hepatomesenteric trunk (<1%), the absence of CAT is the most rare (0,1-4,0%) (6,10). Among vessel anomalities ‘accessory’ and ‘replaced’ vassels can also be qualified, which examples are replaced right hepatic artery (11–21% cases) and replaced left hepatic artery (3,8–10%) (8). In the literature coeliac trunk bifurcation is reported at a rate of about 12% (12).

The mostly chosen classifications for description of anatomical findings and possible surgical implications of CAT variation are presented in Table I. Regarding liver arterial supply, it is described as ‘normal anatomy’ when the CHA originates the PHA after the emergence of the GDA; next, the PHA separates into right and left hepatic arteries within the hepatoduodenal ligament. The knowledge of hepatic artery supply is essential to avoid iatrogenic complications during HPB surgery; in the presence of anatomical variations accidental ligation, provoking hepatic necrosis, ischemic biliary injury and anastomotic fistula can complicate the peri- and postoperative course (14). With the grooving number of liver transplantation, the importance of the hepatic artery anatomy become crucial and many authors proposed classifications describing liver vascular variations based on their studies (7). The most often described hepatic artery anatomical variations are: i) An anomalous RHA from the SMA (10–21%); ii) displaced LHA from the LGA (4–10%); iii) displaced RHA and LHA; iv) an accessory RHA and/or LHA (1–8%); v) displaced CHA from SMA or aorta (0,4-4,5%); or vi) quadrifurcation of hepatic artery (14). In our study we described two independent cases of hepatic arterial anatomic variants where a HAS arised directly from SMA and traveling posterior to the pancreatic head and vena porta. It is named as hepatomesenteric trunk and is the second most common variation of HA (2–3%) (14). Described cases belong to type V in Hiatt's classification (Table II).

Table I. Uflacker's classification of CAT and its possible surgical implications.

Table I.

Uflacker's classification of CAT and its possible surgical implications.

	Description
Classifications of CAT variations	Type	Variation	Possible surgical implications
Uflacker's classification (5,11,12)	I	Classic coeliac trunk	Frequency of 72.0–89,0% (5,11).
	II	Hepatosplenic trunk	Most common CAT variation (3–4,4%) (5).
	III	Hepatogastric trunk
	IV	Hepatosplenomesenteric trunk	Occurrence rate of below 1%. Crucial when performing pancreatic surgery (blood supply to the duodenum come only from SMA): Accidental ligation of the SMA or branches of the common trunk can lead to the ischemia/necrosis of liver or duodenum (5).
	V	Gastrosplenic trunk
	VI	Coeliac-mesenteric trunk	During pancreatoduodenectomy (pancreatic/peripancreatic cancers treatment): Increases a perioperative mordibity by 20–30% (5).
	VII	Coeliac-colic trunk	It is formed when the middle colic artery originates from coeliac trunk instead of the SMA. Difficulties and complications during transverse colon surgery: Unexpected bleeding during surgery (coeliac-colic trunk gets blood from SMA and inferior mesenteric artery) (5).
	VIII	No coeliac trunk	No coeliac trunk can be recognised when left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries arise from the abdominal aorta(5).

[i] CAT, celiac artery trunk; SMA, superior mesenteric artery.

Table II. Anatomical variations of the hepatic artery: Hiatt's classification and its possible surgical implications.

Table II.

Anatomical variations of the hepatic artery: Hiatt's classification and its possible surgical implications.

	Description
Classsification of hepatic artery variations	Type	Variation	Possible surgical implications
Hiatt's classification (9,11)	I	Normal anatomy	Most frequent type: 59–79,1% (9), 51–80% (11).
	II	Left hepatic artery or accessory left hepatic artery relocation	Gastrectomy should be cautiously performed: Left hepatic artery emerges from the left hepatic artery (ischemia of the left hepatic lobe after section of the left gastric artery) (9).
	III	Right hepatic artery or accessory right hepatic artery relocation	The most frequent described variation (7–18%). Procedures involving liver surgery. Confusing course of the RHA: After originating from SMA, the right hepatic artery runs posteriorly to the portal vein (9).
	IV	Left hepatic artery/accessory left hepatic artery relocation and right hepatic artery/accessory right hepatic artery relocation
	V	Common hepatic artery originating from superior mesenteric artery	Known as a hepatomesenteric trunk (2–3%). Altering the surgical approach (interference with resection or lymphadenectomy); unexpected bleeding; ischemia; biliary leak; liver dysfunction (7).
	VI	Common hepatic artery originating from the aorta

[i] SMA, superior mesenteric artery; RHA, right hepatic artery.

The paper illustrates several types of anatomical variations of celiac trunk, hepatic artery and its main branches, based on description of two of such findings in our own clinical practice. However, in past decade there are several valuable case reports and papers (especially from liver transplant centers) which share a proper approach to the subject of the hepatic arterial variants. The first publication which mentioned CHA passing through pancreatic parenchyma comes from Michels (1951), but it still remains unclear why CHA penetrates the pancreas (it might be that CHA is developed before the fusion of dorsal and ventral pancreas) (15). Rammohan et al (8), emphasize that hepatomesenteric trunk that courses through the pancreatic parenchyma can be spared by dividing the pancreas, but there is always a risk of not achieving tumor-free margins, what is essential in oncological surgery. If the hepatomesenteric trunk courses ventral to the pancreas, it can be displaced and dissected from the surface of the pancreas and a standard pancreaticoduodenectomy is performed. When a hepatomesenteric trunk has anastomotic connection to the LGA or another accessory artery, ligation will result in no compromise to the blood supply. In cases where the CHA is divided either inadvertently or for oncological purposes, it should be reconstructed using an autologous vascular graft such as the GDA or saphenous vein (8,16). The knowledge of anatomical anomalies is of the great value during surgical interventions. The issue is crucial for, liver transplantation and resection, hepatic artery chemotherapy, gastrectomy, biliary reconstruction and especially for pancreatoduodenectomy (17,18). According to Pallisera et al (14) problems related to anatomical variations of hepatic artery and coeliac axis stenosis are most prevalent arterial complications during HPB surgery. It is highlighted that intraoperative arterial complications generate longer operative time, higher transfusion rate and more postoperative complications (19).

There are some key tips which knowledge and application in clinical practice can be useful for HPB surgery to avoid unnecessary complications. First and foremost, multidetector CT with multidimensional reconstruction should be make in the preoperative management (14). Next, complete kocherisation and opening the cavity, the porta hepatis should be palpated to determine the localization of the arterial pulsation (8). Afterwards, the decision about the surgical approach and intraoperative proceeding is dependent on discovered arterial anatomical variations. The most important hepatic artery anatomical variations that the surgeon must take into consideration during pancreatoduodenectomy are: accessory RHA, accessory or displaced CHA, both arising from the SMA. If we encounter hepatic arterial anomalies the possible options for intraoperative management are ligation, dissection and traction away from the site of dissection, division and anastomosis (14). There are numerous difficulties during surgery and postoperative complications which can occur if arterial anomalies are identified: i) Partial liver ischemia and necrosis-the main problem with ligature of the displaced RHA and replaced CHA. During pancreatoduodenectomy ligation of the GDA should be delayed until the retropancreatic dissection and proper identification of the artery is complete; desirable is preoperative clamping of arteries which are going to be ligatured and post-ligature control of the blood flow (8,14); ii) modification of the resection area and a risk of not achieving tumor-free margins-tough oncological compromise between safety of the procedure and radical removal of tumour (8); iii) pancreatic or biliary anastomotic leak-postoperative hepatic enzymes elevation is possible (8); and iv) unexpected bleeding-iatrogenic post- or intraoperative loss of blood (6).

In summary, we have described a two rare cases of a CHA originating from the SMA in combination with the topography. However, this anatomical variant is very rare (with frequency 1–3%) should be known to surgical oncologist. In our opinion this paper is of great value for surgeons during their training period as well as the experts. Multiple arterial anomalies in a single person are found rarely. When performing operations of the pancreatic region, it is necessary to have a knowledge of anatomy including those patterns that have been rarely observed. The awareness of the possible extra- or intra-parenchymal path of CHA has a huge effect on decisions connected with next steps of surgery, achieving tumor-free margins, complications, patient's quality of life and costs of hospitalization. Careful review of preoperative imaging especially during multidisciplinary meeting may prevent injury to these vascular structures and later complications.

Glossary

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References