Detection of stanozolol in the urine of athletes at a pg level: The possibility of passive exposure

Tsitsimpikou,Christina; Tsarouhas,Konstantinos; Spandidos,Demetrios  A.; Tsatsakis,Aristides M.

doi:10.3892/br.2016.794

December-2016 Volume 5 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

December-2016 Volume 5 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Article Open Access

Detection of stanozolol in the urine of athletes at a pg level: The possibility of passive exposure

Authors:
- Christina Tsitsimpikou
- Konstantinos Tsarouhas
- Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Aristides M. Tsatsakis
View Affiliations / Copyright

Affiliations: Department of Hazardous Substances, Mixtures and Article, General Chemical State Laboratory of Greece, Athens 11521, Greece, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Larissa, Thessaly Prefecture, Larissa 41110, Greece, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece, Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece

Copyright: © Tsitsimpikou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Pages: 665-666
|
Published online on: October 27, 2016

https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2016.794
Expand metrics +

Abstract

Stanozolol is a synthetic heterocyclic steroid with anabolic and androgenic properties, which has been abused by several high-profile professional athletes. Stanozolol is also used in veterinary medicine to increase appetite, cause weight gain and treat certain types of anemia. The detection of stanozolol metabolites in human urine for doping control purposes depends on the analytical method applied. The most commonly applied methods in the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)-accredited doping control laboratories are gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS) or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). Recently, a new method has been published and validated that makes the detection of 3'‑hydroxystanozolol glucuronide in urine possible in a concentration >50‑fold less compared to the above-mentioned commonly used methods. It is common practice to administer breeding animals with steroid hormones in order to enhance their growth. Athletes who consume meat containing such hormone residues may be at risk of failing a sports drug test. A randomized study in the general population consuming meat should be conducted, monitoring the levels of 3'‑OH‑stanozolol glucoronide in human urine, in order to determine the threshold levels of passive exposure, if any, and therefore guarantee that any adverse analytical findings reported in the urine of athlete at a pg level correspond to stanozolol abuse for enhancing performance.

View Figures

View References

1	Poelmans S, De Wasch K, De Brabander HF, van De Wiele M, Courtheyn D, van Ginkel LA, Sterk SS, Delahaut P, Dubois M, Schilt R, et al: Analytical possibilities for the detection of stanozolol and its metabolites. Anal Chim Acta. 473:39–47. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar
2	Schänzer W, Opfermann G and Dönike M: Metabolism of stanozolol: Identification and synthesis of urinary metabolites. J Steroid Biochem. 36:153–174. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
3	Schänzer W, Delahaut P, Geyer H, Machnik M and Horning S: Long-term detection and identification of metandienone and stanozolol abuse in athletes by gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl. 687:93–108. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
4	Schänzer W, Guddat S, Thomas A, Opfermann G, Geyer H and Thevis M: Expanding analytical possibilities concerning the detection of stanozolol misuse by means of high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometric detection of stanozolol glucuronides in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal. 5:810–818. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
5	De Brabander HF, De Wasch K, van Ginkel LA, Sterk SS, Blokland MH, Delahaut P, Taillieu X, Dubois M, Arts CJ, van Baak MJ, et al: Multi-laboratory study of the analysis and kinetics of stanozolol and its metabolites in treated calves. Analyst (Lond). 123:2599–2604. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar
6	Geyer H, Schänzer W and Thevis M: Anabolic agents: Recent strategies for their detection and protection from inadvertent doping. Br J Sports Med. 48:820–826. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
7	Kicman AT, Cowan DA, Myhre L, Nilsson S, Tomten S and Oftebro H: Effect on sports drug tests of ingesting meat from steroid (methenolone)-treated livestock. Clin Chem. 40:2084–2087. 1994.PubMed/NCBI
8	Daeseleire EA, De Guesquière A and Van Peteghem CH: Multiresidue analysis of anabolic agents in muscle tissues and urines of cattle by GC-MS. J Chromatogr Sci. 30:409–414. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
9	Debruyckere G, de Sagher R and Van Peteghem C: Clostebol-positive urine after consumption of contaminated meat. Clin Chem. 38:1869–1873. 1992.PubMed/NCBI

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Oncology

Molecular Medicine Reports

Oncology Reports

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Oncology Letters

Biomedical Reports

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

World Academy of Sciences Journal

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Epigenetics

Medicine International

Detection of stanozolol in the urine of athletes at a pg level: The possibility of passive exposure

This article is mentioned in:

Abstract

Related Articles