Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Biomedical Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2049-9434 Online ISSN: 2049-9442
Journal Cover
December-2017 Volume 7 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2017 Volume 7 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review

Modern biotechnology-based therapeutic approaches against HIV infection (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Muhammad Imran
    • Yasir Waheed
    • Ayesha Ghazal
    • Sajjad Ullah
    • Sher Zaman Safi
    • Muhsin Jamal
    • Muhammad Ali
    • Muhammad Atif
    • Farman Ullah
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan, Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Imperial College of Business Studies, Lahore 53720, Pakistan, Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan, Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Garden Campus, Mardan 23200, Pakistan, Department of Life Sciences, University of Management Technology, Lahore 54600, Pakistan, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Aljouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia, Department of Diet and Nutrition, Imperial College of Business Studies, Lahore 54600, Pakistan, Department of Physiology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical university Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
  • Pages: 504-507
    |
    Published online on: October 24, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2017.1006
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Since its discovery before 30 years, a number of drugs known as highly active antiretroviral therapy have been developed to suppress the life cycle of the virus at different stages. With the current therapeutic approaches, ending AIDS means providing treatment to 35 million individuals living with HIV for the rest of their lives or until a cure is developed. Additionally, therapy is associated with various other challenges such as potential of drug resistance, toxicity and presence of latent viral reservoir. Therefore, it is imperative to search for treatments and to identify new therapeutic approaches against HIV infection to avoid daily intake of drugs. The aim of the current review was to summarize different therapeutic strategies against HIV infection, including stem cell therapy, RNA interference, CRISPR/Cas9 pathways, antibodies, intrabodies and nanotechnology. Silencing RNA against chemokine receptor 5 and other HIV RNAs have been tested and found to elicit homology‑based, post-transcriptional silencing. The CRISPR/Cas9 is a gene editing technology that produces a double‑stranded nick in the virus DNA, which is repaired by the host machinery either by non-homology end joining mechanism or via homology recombination leading to insertion, deletion mutation which further leads to frame shift mutation and non-functional products. Intrabodies are intracellular‑expressed antibodies that are directed towards the targets inside the cell unlike the naturally expressed antibodies which target outside the cell. Different nanotechnology‑based therapeutic approaches are also in progress against HIV. HIV eradication is not feasible without deploying a cure or vaccine alongside the treatment.
View Figures
View References

1 

Faulstich ME: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: An overview of central nervous system complications and neuropsychological sequelae. Int J Neurosci. 30:249–254. 1986. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Kharsany AB and Karim QA: HIV Infection and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current Status, Challenges and Opportunities. Open AIDS J. 10:34–48. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Granich R, Gupta S, Hersh B, et al: Trends in AIDS Deaths, New Infections and ART Coverage in the Top 30 Countries with the Highest AIDS Mortality Burden; 1990–2013. PloS one. 10:2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Imran M, Manzoor S, Saalim M, Resham S, Ashraf J, Javed A and Waqar AB: HIV-1 and hijacking of the host immune system: The current scenario. APMIS. 124:817–831. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Waheed Y and Waheed H: Pakistan needs to speed up its human immunodeficiency virus control strategy to achieve targets in fast-track acquired immune deficiency syndrome response. World J Virol. 6:46–48. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Piacentini L, Fenizia C, Naddeo V and Clerici M: Not just sheer luck! Immune correlates of protection against HIV-1 infection. Vaccine. 26:3002–3007. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Walker BD: Elite control of HIV Infection: Implications for vaccines and treatment. Top HIV Med. 15:134–136. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

8 

Roberts JD, Bebenek K and Kunkel TA: The accuracy of reverse transcriptase from HIV-1. Science. 242:1171–1173. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Wilen CB, Tilton JC and Doms RW: HIV: Cell binding and entry. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2:a0068662012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Ray N and Doms R: HIV-1 Coreceptors and their inhibitors. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 303:97–120. 2006.PubMed/NCBI

11 

Shaw G and Hunter E: HIV transmission. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2:a0069652012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Hütter G, Nowak D, Mossner M, Ganepola S, Müssig A, Allers K, Schneider T, Hofmann J, Kücherer C, Blau O, et al: Long-term control of HIV by CCR5 Delta32/Delta32 stem-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med. 360:692–698. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Allers K, Hütter G, Hofmann J, Loddenkemper C, Rieger K, Thiel E and Schneider T: Evidence for the cure of HIV infection by CCR5Δ32/Δ32 stem cell transplantation. Blood. 117:2791–2799. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Spanevello F, Calistri A, Del Vecchio C, Mantelli B, Frasson C, Basso G, Palù G, Cavazzana M and Parolin C: Development of lentiviral vectors simultaneously expressing multiple siRNAs against CCR5, vif and tat/rev genes for an HIV-1 gene therapy approach. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 5:e3122016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Chandrasegaran S and Carroll D: Origins of Programmable Nucleases for Genome Engineering. J Mol Biol. 428:963–989. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Tebas P, Stein D, Tang WW, Frank I, Wang SQ, Lee G, Spratt SK, Surosky RT, Giedlin MA, Nichol G, et al: Gene editing of CCR5 in autologous CD4 T cells of persons infected with HIV. N Engl J Med. 370:901–910. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Zeller SJ and Kumar P: RNA-based gene therapy for the treatment and prevention of HIV: From bench to bedside. Yale J Biol Med. 84:301–309. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

18 

An DS, Donahue RE, Kamata M, Poon B, Metzger M, Mao SH, Bonifacino A, Krouse AE, Darlix JL, Baltimore D, et al: Stable reduction of CCR5 by RNAi through hematopoietic stem cell transplant in non-human primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 104:pp. 13110–13115. 2007; View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Shimizu S, Kamata M, Kittipongdaja P, Chen KN, Kim S, Pang S, Boyer J, Qin FX, An DS and Chen IS: Characterization of a potent non-cytotoxic shRNA directed to the HIV-1 co-receptor CCR5. Genet Vaccines Ther. 7:82009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Jacque JM, Triques K and Stevenson M: Modulation of HIV-1 replication by RNA interference. Nature. 418:435–438. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Lee SK, Dykxhoorn DM, Kumar P, Ranjbar S, Song E, Maliszewski LE, François-Bongarçon V, Goldfeld A, Swamy NM, Lieberman J, et al: Lentiviral delivery of short hairpin RNAs protects CD4 T cells from multiple clades and primary isolates of HIV. Blood. 106:818–826. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Sander JD and Joung JK: CRISPR-Cas systems for editing, regulating and targeting genomes. Nature Biotechnology. 32:347–355. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Liu YP, Haasnoot J and Berkhout B: Design of extended short hairpin RNAs for HIV-1 inhibition. Nucleic Acids Res. 35:5683–5693. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Novina CD, Murray MF, Dykxhoorn DM, Beresford PJ, Riess J, Lee SK, Collman RG, Lieberman J, Shankar P and Sharp PA: siRNA-directed inhibition of HIV-1 infection. Nat Med. 8:681–686. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

25 

Wang W, Ye C, Liu J, Zhang D, Kimata JT and Zhou P: CCR5 gene disruption via lentiviral vectors expressing Cas9 and single guided RNA renders cells resistant to HIV-1 infection. PLoS One. 9:e1159872014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Ran FA, Hsu PD, Lin CY, Gootenberg JS, Konermann S, Trevino AE, Scott DA, Inoue A, Matoba S, Zhang Y, et al: Double nicking by RNA-guided CRISPR Cas9 for enhanced genome editing specificity. Cell. 154:1380–1389. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Havlicek S, Shen Y, Alpagu Y, Bruntraeger MB, Zufir NB, Phuah ZY, Fu Z, Dunn NR and Stanton LW: Re-engineered RNA-guided FokI-nucleases for improved genome editing in human cells. Mol Ther. 25:342–355. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Hay EA, Khalaf AR, Marini P, Brown A1, Heath K1, Sheppard D and MacKenzie A: An analysis of possible off target effects following CAS9/CRISPR targeted deletions of neuropeptide gene enhancers from the mouse genome. Neuropeptides. 64:101–107. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Fuchs SP and Desrosiers RC: Promise and problems associated with the use of recombinant AAV for the delivery of anti-HIV antibodies. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 3:160682016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Schnepp BC, Clark KR, Klemanski DL, Pacak CA and Johnson PR: Genetic fate of recombinant adeno-associated virus vector genomes in muscle. J Virol. 77:3495–3504. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Schnepp BC, Chulay JD, Ye G-J, Flotte TR, Trapnell BC and Johnson PR: Recombinant adeno-associated virus vector genomes take the form of long-lived, transcriptionally competent episomes in human muscle. Hum Gene Ther. 27:32–42. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Biocca S, Ruberti F, Tafani M, Pierandrei-Amaldi P and Cattaneo A: Redox state of single chain Fv fragments targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum, cytosol and mitochondria. Biotechnology (N Y). 13:1110–1115. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Stocks M: Intrabodies as drug discovery tools and therapeutics. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 9:359–365. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Lewis MJ and Pelham HR: Ligand-induced redistribution of a human KDEL receptor from the Golgi complex to the endoplasmic reticulum. Cell. 68:353–364. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Farokhzad OC: Nanotechnology for drug delivery: The perfect partnership. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 5:927–929. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Zhang L, Gu FX, Chan JM, Wang AZ, Langer RS and Farokhzad OC: Nanoparticles in medicine: Therapeutic applications and developments. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 83:761–769. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Ferrari M: Cancer nanotechnology: Opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Cancer. 5:161–171. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Nie S, Xing Y, Kim GJ and Simons JW: Nanotechnology applications in cancer. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 9:257–288. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Davis ME, Chen ZG and Shin DM: Nanoparticle therapeutics: An emerging treatment modality for cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 7:771–782. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Mamo T, Moseman EA, Kolishetti N, Salvador-Morales C, Shi J, Kuritzkes DR, Langer R, von Andrian U and Farokhzad OC: Emerging nanotechnology approaches for HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention. Nanomedicine (Lond). 5:269–285. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Dou H, Grotepas CB, McMillan JM, Destache CJ, Chaubal M, Werling J, Kipp J, Rabinow B and Gendelman HE: Macrophage delivery of nanoformulated antiretroviral drug to the brain in a murine model of neuroAIDS. J Immunol. 183:661–669. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Garg M, Garg BR, Jain S, Mishra P, Sharma RK, Mishra AK, Dutta T and Jian NK: Radiolabeling, pharmacoscintigraphic evaluation and antiretroviral efficacy of stavudine loaded 99mTc labeled galactosylated liposomes. Eur J Pharm Sci. 33:271–281. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Ganser-Pornillos BK, Yeager M and Sundquist WI: The structural biology of HIV assembly. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 18:203–217. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Pornillos O, Ganser-Pornillos BK, Kelly BN, Hua Y, Whitby FG, Stout CD, Sundquist WI, Hill CP and Yeager M: X-ray structures of the hexameric building block of the HIV capsid. Cell. 137:1282–1292. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Marchesan S, Da Ros T, Spalluto G, Balzarini J and Prato M: Anti-HIV properties of cationic fullerene derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 15:3615–3618. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Troshina OA, Troshin PA, Peregudov AS, Kozlovskiy VI, Balzarini J and Lyubovskaya RN: Chlorofullerene C60Cl6: A precursor for straightforward preparation of highly water-soluble polycarboxylic fullerene derivatives active against HIV. Org Biomol Chem. 5:2783–2791. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Wang W, Guo Z, Chen Y, Liu T and Jiang L: Influence of generation 2–5 of PAMAM dendrimer on the inhibition of Tat peptide/TAR RNA binding in HIV-1 transcription. Chem Biol Drug Des. 68:314–318. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Imran M, Waheed Y, Ghazal A, Ullah S, Safi SZ, Jamal M, Ali M, Atif M and Ullah F: Modern biotechnology-based therapeutic approaches against HIV infection (Review). Biomed Rep 7: 504-507, 2017.
APA
Imran, M., Waheed, Y., Ghazal, A., Ullah, S., Safi, S.Z., Jamal, M. ... Ullah, F. (2017). Modern biotechnology-based therapeutic approaches against HIV infection (Review). Biomedical Reports, 7, 504-507. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2017.1006
MLA
Imran, M., Waheed, Y., Ghazal, A., Ullah, S., Safi, S. Z., Jamal, M., Ali, M., Atif, M., Ullah, F."Modern biotechnology-based therapeutic approaches against HIV infection (Review)". Biomedical Reports 7.6 (2017): 504-507.
Chicago
Imran, M., Waheed, Y., Ghazal, A., Ullah, S., Safi, S. Z., Jamal, M., Ali, M., Atif, M., Ullah, F."Modern biotechnology-based therapeutic approaches against HIV infection (Review)". Biomedical Reports 7, no. 6 (2017): 504-507. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2017.1006
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Imran M, Waheed Y, Ghazal A, Ullah S, Safi SZ, Jamal M, Ali M, Atif M and Ullah F: Modern biotechnology-based therapeutic approaches against HIV infection (Review). Biomed Rep 7: 504-507, 2017.
APA
Imran, M., Waheed, Y., Ghazal, A., Ullah, S., Safi, S.Z., Jamal, M. ... Ullah, F. (2017). Modern biotechnology-based therapeutic approaches against HIV infection (Review). Biomedical Reports, 7, 504-507. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2017.1006
MLA
Imran, M., Waheed, Y., Ghazal, A., Ullah, S., Safi, S. Z., Jamal, M., Ali, M., Atif, M., Ullah, F."Modern biotechnology-based therapeutic approaches against HIV infection (Review)". Biomedical Reports 7.6 (2017): 504-507.
Chicago
Imran, M., Waheed, Y., Ghazal, A., Ullah, S., Safi, S. Z., Jamal, M., Ali, M., Atif, M., Ullah, F."Modern biotechnology-based therapeutic approaches against HIV infection (Review)". Biomedical Reports 7, no. 6 (2017): 504-507. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2017.1006
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team