Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Biomedical Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2049-9434 Online ISSN: 2049-9442
Journal Cover
June-2020 Volume 12 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
June-2020 Volume 12 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Immunostimulatory effects of cell wall‑based nanoparticles in boiled Glycyrrhizae radix water extracts involves TLR4

  • Authors:
    • Hirofumi Iitsuka
    • Keiichi Koizumi
    • Mikiko Suzaki
    • Yoshiki Otsuka
    • Michiko Jo
    • Naotoshi Shibahara
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Division of Kampo Diagnostics, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930‑0194, Japan
    Copyright: © Iitsuka et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 303-308
    |
    Published online on: March 23, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2020.1294
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

A number of immunostimulant effects of herbal medicines have been reported; however, the underlying mechanisms of their immunostimulatory effects have not been elucidated in detail. Our previous study showed that sugar‑based nanoparticles derived from cell walls acted as the immunostimulatory component of boiled Glycyrrhizae radix water extracts. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to clarify the molecular mechanisms by which these cell wall‑based nanoparticles functioned as immunostimulants. Mouse macrophage RAW‑blue cells were stimulated by these nanoparticles and several immunological effects were investigated. When phosphorylation of nuclear factor‑κB (NF)‑κB p65 subunit was increased, the expression of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin‑6 and tumor necrosis factor‑α were induced via NF‑κB. On the other hand, Toll‑like receptor 4 recognizes cell wall components of bacteria and fungi. In the present study, it was also shown that these cell wall‑based nanoparticles serve an immunostimulatory role as ligands of Toll‑like receptor 4 by RNA interference experiments. The results of the present study suggested that the signaling pathway of nanoparticles obtained from boiled Glycyrrhizae radix water extracts, at least partially involved TLR4 and downstream signaling from this receptor, resulting in the immunostimulatory effects of these nanoparticles in RAW‑blue cells.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Liu H, Wang J, Sekiyama A and Tabira T: Juzen-taiho-to, an herbal medicine, activates and enhances phagocytosis in microglia/macrophages. Tohoku J Exp Med. 215:43–54. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Munakata K, Takashima K, Nishiyama M, Asano N, Mase A, Hioki K, Ohnishi Y, Yamamoto M and Watanabe K: Microarray analysis on germfree mice elucidates the primary target of a traditional Japanese medicine juzentaihoto: Acceleration of IFN-α response via affecting the ISGF3-IRF7 signaling cascade. BMC Genomics. 13(30)2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Iitsuka H, Koizumi K, Inujima A, Suzaki M, Mizuno Y, Takeshita Y, Eto T, Otsuka Y, Shimada R, Liu M, et al: Discovery of a sugar-based nanoparticle universally existing in boiling herbal water extracts and their immunostimulant effect. Biochem Biophys Rep. 16:62–68. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Guo ZZ, Wu YL, Wang RF, Wang WQ, Liu Y, Zhang XQ, Gao SR, Zhang Y and Wei SL: Distribution patterns of the contents of five active components in taproot and stolon of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Biol Pharm Bull. 37:1253–1258. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Nose M, Tada M, Kojima R, Nagata K, Hisaka S, Masada S, Homma M and Hakamatsuka T: Comparison of glycyrrhizin content in 25 major kinds of Kampo extracts containing Glycyrrhizae Radix used clinically in Japan. J Nat Prod. 71:711–722. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Doster RS, Rogers LM, Gaddy JA and Aronoff DM: Macrophage extracellular traps: A scoping review. J Innate Immun. 10:3–13. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Ozinsky A, Underhill DM, Fontenot JD, Hajjar AM, Smith KD, Wilson CB, Schroeder L and Aderem A: The repertoire for pattern recognition of pathogens by the innate immune system is defined by cooperation between toll-like receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 97:13766–13771. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Takeda K, Kaisho T and Akira S: Toll-like receptors. Annu Rev Immunol. 21:335–376. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Borriello F, Zanoni I and Granucci F: Cellular and molecular mechanisms of antifungal innate immunity at epithelial barriers: The role of C-type lectin receptors. Eur J Immunol. 50:317–325. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Fesel PH and Zuccaro A: β-glucan: Crucial component of the fungal cell wall and elusive MAMP in plants. Fungal Genet Biol. 90:53–60. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Hansen FC, Kalle-Brune M, van der Plas MJ, Strömdahl AC, Malmsten M, Mörgelin M and Schmidtchen A: The thrombin-derived host defense peptide GKY25 inhibits endotoxin-induced responses through interactions with lipopolysaccharide and macrophages/monocytes. J Immunol. 194:5397–5406. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Saiki I, Koizumi K, Goto H, Inujima A, Namiki T, Raimura M, Kogure T, Tatsumi T, Inoue H, Sakai S, et al: The long-term effects of a kampo medicine, juzentaihoto, on maintenance of antibody titer in elderly people after influenza vaccination. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013(568074)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Kiyohara H, Uchida T, Takakiwa M, Matsuzaki T, Hada N, Takeda T, Shibata T and Yamada H: Different contributions of side-chains in beta-D-(1->3,6)-galactans on intestinal Peyer's patch-immunomodulation by polysaccharides from Astragalus mongholics Bunge. Phytochemistry. 71:280–293. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Kiyohara H, Matsuzaki T and Yamada H: Intestinal Peyer's patch-immunomodulating glucomannans from rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge. Phytochemistry. 96:337–346. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Martínez A, Bono C, Megías J, Yáñez A, Gozalbo D and Gil ML: PRR signaling during in vitro macrophage differentiation from progenitors modulates their subsequent response to inflammatory stimuli. Eur Cytokine Netw. 28:102–110. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Nakashima A, Yamada K, Iwata O, Sugimoto R, Atsuji K, Ogawa T, Ishibashi-Ohgo N and Suzuki K: β-Glucan in foods and its physiological functions. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 64:8–17. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Takeda K, Kaisho T and Akira S: Toll-like receptors. Annu Rev Immunol. 21:335–376. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Akira S, Uematsu S and Takeuchi O: Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell. 124:783–801. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Casale TB and Carolan EJ: Cytokine-induced sequential migration of neutrophils through endothelium and epithelium. Inflamm Res. 48:22–27. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Dienz O and Rincon M: The effects of IL-6 on CD4 T cell responses. Clin Immunol. 130:27–33. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Hunter CA and Jones SA: IL-6 as a keystone cytokine in health and disease. Nat Immunol. 16:448–457. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Roy A, Srivastava M, Saqib U, Liu D, Faisal SM, Sugathan S, Bishnoi S and Baig MS: Potential therapeutic targets for inflammation in toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol. 40:79–89. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Vacchelli E, Eggermont A, Sautès-Fridman C, Galon J, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G and Galluzzi L: Trial Watch: Toll-like receptor agonists for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology. 2(e25238)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Camargo JA, Passos GR, Ferrari KL, Billis A, Saad MJA and Reis LO: Intravesical immunomodulatory imiquimod enhances bacillus Calmette-Guérin downregulation of nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 16:e587–e593. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Iitsuka H, Koizumi K, Suzaki M, Otsuka Y, Jo M and Shibahara N: Immunostimulatory effects of cell wall‑based nanoparticles in boiled Glycyrrhizae radix water extracts involves TLR4. Biomed Rep 12: 303-308, 2020.
APA
Iitsuka, H., Koizumi, K., Suzaki, M., Otsuka, Y., Jo, M., & Shibahara, N. (2020). Immunostimulatory effects of cell wall‑based nanoparticles in boiled Glycyrrhizae radix water extracts involves TLR4. Biomedical Reports, 12, 303-308. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2020.1294
MLA
Iitsuka, H., Koizumi, K., Suzaki, M., Otsuka, Y., Jo, M., Shibahara, N."Immunostimulatory effects of cell wall‑based nanoparticles in boiled Glycyrrhizae radix water extracts involves TLR4". Biomedical Reports 12.6 (2020): 303-308.
Chicago
Iitsuka, H., Koizumi, K., Suzaki, M., Otsuka, Y., Jo, M., Shibahara, N."Immunostimulatory effects of cell wall‑based nanoparticles in boiled Glycyrrhizae radix water extracts involves TLR4". Biomedical Reports 12, no. 6 (2020): 303-308. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2020.1294
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Iitsuka H, Koizumi K, Suzaki M, Otsuka Y, Jo M and Shibahara N: Immunostimulatory effects of cell wall‑based nanoparticles in boiled Glycyrrhizae radix water extracts involves TLR4. Biomed Rep 12: 303-308, 2020.
APA
Iitsuka, H., Koizumi, K., Suzaki, M., Otsuka, Y., Jo, M., & Shibahara, N. (2020). Immunostimulatory effects of cell wall‑based nanoparticles in boiled Glycyrrhizae radix water extracts involves TLR4. Biomedical Reports, 12, 303-308. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2020.1294
MLA
Iitsuka, H., Koizumi, K., Suzaki, M., Otsuka, Y., Jo, M., Shibahara, N."Immunostimulatory effects of cell wall‑based nanoparticles in boiled Glycyrrhizae radix water extracts involves TLR4". Biomedical Reports 12.6 (2020): 303-308.
Chicago
Iitsuka, H., Koizumi, K., Suzaki, M., Otsuka, Y., Jo, M., Shibahara, N."Immunostimulatory effects of cell wall‑based nanoparticles in boiled Glycyrrhizae radix water extracts involves TLR4". Biomedical Reports 12, no. 6 (2020): 303-308. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2020.1294
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team