Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Biomedical Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2049-9434 Online ISSN: 2049-9442
Journal Cover
August-2020 Volume 13 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
August-2020 Volume 13 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML

  • Supplementary Files
    • Supplementary_Data.pdf
Article Open Access

Apocynum venetum leaf extract protects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress by increasing autophagy in PC12 cells

  • Authors:
    • Yuelai Feng
    • Chang Jiang
    • Feng Yang
    • Zixian Chen
    • Zheng Li
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of International Baccalaureate Diploma Program, Shanghai Pinghe School, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China, Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China, Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Feng et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 6
    |
    Published online on: June 9, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2020.1313
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The effect of generated.Italic@104c035a leaf extract (AVLE) on the nervous system has been widely studied, but its effect on injured neurons is not fully understood. In the present study, the protective effect of AVLE on injured neurons was determined. H2O2 was used to induce oxidative stress in PC12 cells and cell viability assays were used to determine the optimum concentration range of AVLE and its protective effects against oxidative stress. A live-dead assay was performed to confirm the effects of AVLE on oxidative stress. Subsequently, expression of apoptotic proteins including Bax and cleaved-caspase-3 were evaluated to determine whether AVLE affected apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected to determine the role of AVLE in H2O2 exposure. Furthermore, expression of autophagic proteins including LC3-II and p62 were detected to evaluate the effects of AVLE on autophagic activity, and cells were treated with 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagic inhibitor, to identify the underlying protective mechanism of AVLE. The results showed that the optimum conditions to induce oxidative stress were treatment with 40 µM H2O2 for 2 h, and the suitable range of AVLE concentrations was shown to be 1-100 µg/ml. AVLE improved cell viability in PC12 cells following treatment with H2O2. AVLE reduced the expression of Bax and cleaved-caspase-3, and decreased ROS production. Furthermore, AVLE upregulated LC3-II expression and downregulated p62 expression, whereas treatment with 3-MA increased the levels of ROS and apoptotic proteins. These results suggest that AVLE may protect injured neurons against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, and this effect may be associated with the reduction of ROS by increasing autophagy.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

View References

1 

Salim S: Oxidative stress and the central nervous system. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 360:201–205. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Ratan RR: The chemical biology of ferroptosis in the central nervous system. Cell Chem Biol: May 24, 2020 (Epub ahead of print). doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.03.007.

3 

Islam MT: Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction-linked neurodegenerative disorders. Neurol Res. 39:73–82. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Höhn A, Tramutola A and Cascella R: Proteostasis failure in neurodegenerative diseases: Focus on oxidative stress. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020(5497046)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Butterweck V, Nishibe S, Sasaki T and Uchida M: Antidepressant effects of Apocynum venetum leaves in a forced swimming test. Biol Pharm Bull. 24:848–851. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Kobayashi M, Saitoh H, Seo S, Butterweck V and Nishibe S: Apocynum venetum extract does not induce CYP3A and P-glycoprotein in rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 27:1649–1652. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Xie W, Zhang X, Wang T and Hu J: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Apocynum venetum L. (Luobuma): A review. J Ethnopharmacol. 141:1–8. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Xiang J, Tang YP, Zhou ZY, Wu P, Wang Z, Mori M and Cai DF: Apocynum venetum leaf extract protects rat cortical neurons from injury induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation in vitro. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 88:907–917. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Codogno P and Meijer AJ: Autophagy and signaling: Their role in cell survival and cell death. Cell Death Differ. 12 (Suppl 2):1509–1518. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Radad K, Moldzio R, Al-Shraim M, Kranner B, Krewenka C and Rausch WD: Recent advances in autophagy-based neuroprotection. Expert Rev Neurother. 15:195–205. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Wu D and Cederbaum AI: Inhibition of autophagy promotes CYP2E1-dependent toxicity in HepG2 cells via elevated oxidative stress, mitochondria dysfunction and activation of p38 and JNK MAPK. Redox Biol. 1:552–565. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Wang T, Wang Q, Song R, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Yuan Y, Bian J, Liu X, Gu J and Liu Z: Autophagy plays a cytoprotective role during cadmium-induced oxidative damage in primary neuronal cultures. Biol Trace Elem Res. 168:481–489. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Menzies FM, Fleming A, Caricasole A, Bento CF, Andrews SP, Ashkenazi A, Füllgrabe J, Jackson A, Jimenez Sanchez M, Karabiyik C, et al: Autophagy and neurodegeneration: Pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Neuron. 93:1015–1034. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Chen Z, Li Z, Jiang C, Jiang X and Zhang J: MiR-92b-3p promotes neurite growth and functional recovery via the PTEN/AKT pathway in acute spinal cord injury. J Cell Physiol. 234:23043–23052. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Li X, Wu T, Yu Z, Li T, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Cai M, Zhang W, Xiang J and Cai D: Apocynum venetum leaf extract reverses depressive-like behaviors in chronically stressed rats by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis. Biomed Pharmacother. 100:394–406. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Xiang J, Lan R, Tang YP, Chen YP and Cai DF: Apocynum venetum leaf extract attenuates disruption of the blood-brain barrier and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9/-2 in a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Neurochem Res. 37:1820–1828. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Scholpa NE and Schnellmann RG: Mitochondrial-based therapeutics for the treatment of spinal cord injury: Mitochondrial biogenesis as a potential pharmacological target. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 363:303–313. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Wang W, Liang X, Fu D, Tie R, Xing W, Ji L, Liu F, Zhang H and Li R: Apocynum venetum leaf attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting oxidative stress. Am J Chin Med. 43:71–85. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Jabbour E, Ottmann OG, Deininger M and Hochhaus A: Targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway in hematologic malignancies. Haematologica. 99:7–18. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Slimen IB, Najar T, Ghram A, Dabbebi H, Ben Mrad M and Abdrabbah M: Reactive oxygen species, heat stress and oxidative-induced mitochondrial damage. A review. Int J Hyperthermia. 30:513–523. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Sinha K, Das J, Pal PB and Sil PC: Oxidative stress: The mitochondria-dependent and mitochondria-independent pathways of apoptosis. Arch Toxicol. 87:1157–1180. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Mi Y, Xiao C, Du Q, Wu W, Qi G and Liu X: Momordin Ic couples apoptosis with autophagy in human hepatoblastoma cancer cells by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Free Radic Biol Med. 90:230–242. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Portal-Nunez S, Esbrit P, Alcaraz MJ and Largo R: Oxidative stress, autophagy, epigenetic changes and regulation by miRNAs as potential therapeutic targets in osteoarthritis. Biochem Pharmacol. 108:1–10. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Yuan H, Perry CN, Huang C, Iwai-Kanai E, Carreira RS, Glembotski CC and Gottlieb RA: LPS-induced autophagy is mediated by oxidative signaling in cardiomyocytes and is associated with cytoprotection. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 296:H470–H479. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Cho B, Kim T, Huh YJ, Lee J and Lee YI: Amelioration of mitochondrial quality control and proteostasis by natural compounds in Parkinson's disease models. Int J Mol Sci. 20(E4208)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Sebori R, Kuno A, Hosoda R, Hayashi T and Horio Y: Resveratrol decreases oxidative stress by restoring mitophagy and improves the pathophysiology of dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018(9179270)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Guo S, Long M, Li X, Zhu S, Zhang M and Yang Z: Curcumin activates autophagy and attenuates oxidative damage in EA.hy926 cells via the Akt/mTOR pathway. Mol Med Rep. 13:2187–2193. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Sun H, Wang Z and Yakisich JS: Natural products targeting autophagy via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway as anticancer agents. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 13:1048–1056. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Ichimura Y, Kirisako T, Takao T, Satomi Y, Shimonishi Y, Ishihara N, Mizushima N, Tanida I, Kominami E, Ohsumi M, et al: A ubiquitin-like system mediates protein lipidation. Nature. 408:488–492. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Kabeya Y, Mizushima N, Ueno T, Yamamoto A, Kirisako T, Noda T, Kominami E, Ohsumi Y and Yoshimori T: LC3, a mammalian homologue of yeast Apg8p, is localized in autophagosome membranes after processing. EMBO J. 19:5720–5728. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Sekiguchi A, Kanno H, Ozawa H, Yamaya S and Itoi E: Rapamycin promotes autophagy and reduces neural tissue damage and locomotor impairment after spinal cord injury in mice. J Neurotrauma. 29:946–956. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Zhang D, Xuan J, Zheng BB, Zhou YL, Lin Y, Wu YS, Zhou YF, Huang YX, Wang Q, Shen LY, et al: Metformin improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury via autophagy flux stimulation. Mol Neurobiol. 54:3327–3341. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Kamata K, Seo S and Nakajima J: Constituents from leaves of Apocynum venetum L. J Nat Med. 62:160–163. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Song RJ and Zhou J: Microemulsion liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous separation and determination of six flavonoids of Apocynum venetum leaf extract. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 995-996:8–14. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Hao XL, Kang Y, Li JK, Li QS, Liu EL and Liu XX: Protective effects of hyperoside against H2O2-induced apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Mol Med Rep. 14:399–405. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Liu Z, Tao X, Zhang C, Lu Y and Wei D: Protective effects of hyperoside (quercetin-3-o-galactoside) to PC12 cells against cytotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Biomed Pharmacother. 59:481–490. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Rashidi Z, Aleyasin A, Eslami M, Nekoonam S, Zendedel A, Bahramrezaie M and Amidi F: Quercetin protects human granulosa cells against oxidative stress via thioredoxin system. Reprod Biol. 19:245–254. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Xiao HB, Lu XY, Liu ZK and Luo ZF: Kaempferol inhibits the production of ROS to modulate OPN-αvβ3 integrin pathway in HUVECs. J Physiol Biochem. 72:303–313. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Lu L, Zhang D, Sun B, Hu Y, Yan M, Liu K, Li X and Ren L: Apocynum leaf extract inhibits the progress of atherosclerosis in rats via the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Pharmazie. 72:41–48. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Feng Y, Jiang C, Yang F, Chen Z and Li Z: Apocynum venetum leaf extract protects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress by increasing autophagy in PC12 cells. Biomed Rep 13: 6, 2020.
APA
Feng, Y., Jiang, C., Yang, F., Chen, Z., & Li, Z. (2020). Apocynum venetum leaf extract protects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress by increasing autophagy in PC12 cells. Biomedical Reports, 13, 6. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2020.1313
MLA
Feng, Y., Jiang, C., Yang, F., Chen, Z., Li, Z."Apocynum venetum leaf extract protects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress by increasing autophagy in PC12 cells". Biomedical Reports 13.2 (2020): 6.
Chicago
Feng, Y., Jiang, C., Yang, F., Chen, Z., Li, Z."Apocynum venetum leaf extract protects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress by increasing autophagy in PC12 cells". Biomedical Reports 13, no. 2 (2020): 6. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2020.1313
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Feng Y, Jiang C, Yang F, Chen Z and Li Z: Apocynum venetum leaf extract protects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress by increasing autophagy in PC12 cells. Biomed Rep 13: 6, 2020.
APA
Feng, Y., Jiang, C., Yang, F., Chen, Z., & Li, Z. (2020). Apocynum venetum leaf extract protects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress by increasing autophagy in PC12 cells. Biomedical Reports, 13, 6. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2020.1313
MLA
Feng, Y., Jiang, C., Yang, F., Chen, Z., Li, Z."Apocynum venetum leaf extract protects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress by increasing autophagy in PC12 cells". Biomedical Reports 13.2 (2020): 6.
Chicago
Feng, Y., Jiang, C., Yang, F., Chen, Z., Li, Z."Apocynum venetum leaf extract protects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress by increasing autophagy in PC12 cells". Biomedical Reports 13, no. 2 (2020): 6. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2020.1313
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team