Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Biomedical Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2049-9434 Online ISSN: 2049-9442
Journal Cover
February-2021 Volume 14 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
February-2021 Volume 14 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Analysis of hepatitis B and C virus infections amongst members of the Dental National Health Insurance Society in the Oita Prefecture

  • Authors:
    • Yumiko Nagao
    • Tetsuya Kimura
    • Hiromichi Nagao
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo‑ku, Tokyo 113‑8421, Japan, Oita Dental Association, Oujishinmachi, Oita 870‑0819, Japan
    Copyright: © Nagao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 23
    |
    Published online on: December 9, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2020.1399
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

In Japan, ~3 million individuals are estimated to be infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV). The rates of hepatitis virus infection amongst dentists is higher than that amongst other healthcare workers due to increased exposure to both saliva and blood. However, an efficient method for the testing of hepatitis virus infections amongst dentists remains to be established. The aim of the present study was to examine the rate of hepatitis virus infection amongst dental healthcare workers (DHWs) by introducing a health checkup that included screening for HBV and HCV infections. A total of 1,834 members of the Dental National Health Insurance Society in the Oita Prefecture, consisting of dentists and other employees, were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies to HBsAg (anti‑HBs) and antibodies to HCV (anti‑HCV) during routine medical checkups. Anonymized data, including the age, sex, occupation (dentist or employee), and presence of a hepatitis virus marker, was collected and analyzed. The positive rates of HBsAg, anti‑HBs and anti‑HCV in the study sample were 0.6, 44.1 and 0.5%, respectively; the positive rates were higher amongst dentists than the employees. Furthermore, the positive rates of HBsAg and anti‑HCV increased with age and were higher in subjects aged 50‑79 (1.7‑2.2%). The positive rate of presence of anti‑HBs was significantly higher in the dentists compared with employees (56.4 vs. 39.6%; respectively; P<0.0001). The three factors associated with anti‑HB positivity were HBsAg negativity, occupation (dentist) and age (20‑29 years) with adjusted odds ratios of 8.29, 2.27 and 1.59, respectively (P<0.05). These results suggest that introducing a hepatitis virus examination during routine health checkups of DHWs may prove useful in identifying infected individuals.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

View References

1 

WHO: Hepatitis B. July 27, 2019. urihttp://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/simplehttp://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/.

2 

WHO: Hepatitis C. July 27, 2019. urihttp://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/simplehttp://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/.

3 

Umemura T, Ichijo T, Yoshizawa K, Tanaka E and Kiyosawa K: Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan. J Gastroenterol. 44 (Suppl 19):S102–S107. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Omata M, Kanda T, Wei L, Yu ML, Chuang WL, Ibrahim A, Lesmana CR, Sollano J, Kumar M, Jindal A, et al: APASL consensus statements and recommendations for hepatitis C prevention, epidemiology, and laboratory testing. Hepatol Int. 10:681–701. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Tanaka J, Akita T, Ohisa M, Sakamune K, Ko K, Uchida S and Satake M: Trends in the total numbers of HBV and HCV carriers in Japan from 2000 to 2011. J Viral Hepat. 25:363–372. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Tanaka J, Akita T, Ko K, Miura Y and Satake M: Countermeasures against viral hepatitis B and C in Japan: An epidemiological point of view. Hepatol Res. 49:990–1002. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Omata M, Nishiguchi S, Ueno Y, Mochizuki H, Izumi N, Ikeda F, Toyoda H, Yokosuka O, Nirei K, Genda T, et al: Sofosbuvir plus ribavirin in Japanese patients with chronic genotype 2 HCV infection: An open-label, phase 3 trial. J Viral Hepat. 21:762–768. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Kumada H, Suzuki Y, Ikeda K, Toyota J, Karino Y, Chayama K, Kawakami Y, Ido A, Yamamoto K, Takaguchi K, et al: Daclatasvir plus asunaprevir for chronic HCV genotype 1b infection. Hepatology. 59:2083–2091. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Mizokami M, Yokosuka O, Takehara T, Sakamoto N, Korenaga M, Mochizuki H, Nakane K, Enomoto H, Ikeda F, Yanase M, et al: Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir fixed-dose combination with and without ribavirin for 12 weeks in treatment-naive and previously treated Japanese patients with genotype 1 hepatitis C: An open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 15:645–653. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Chayama K, Suzuki F, Karino Y, Kawakami Y, Sato K, Atarashi T, Naganuma A, Watanabe T, Eguchi Y, Yoshiji H, et al: Efficacy and safety of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir in Japanese patients with chronic genotype 1 hepatitis C virus infection with and without cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol. 53:557–565. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Liaw YF, Sung JJ, Chow WC, Farrell G, Lee CZ, Yuen H, Tanwandee T, Tao QM, Shue K, Keene ON, et al: Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med. 351:1521–1531. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Chang TT, Gish RG, de Man R, Gadano A, Sollano J, Chao YC, Lok AS, Han KH, Goodman Z, Zhu J, et al: A comparison of entecavir and lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 354:1001–1010. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

European Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address: simpleeasloffice@easloffice.eu and European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 67:370–398. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Japanese low translation (Ministry of Justice). Industrial Safety and Health Act. urihttp://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?id=1926&vm=&resimplehttp://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?id=1926&vm=&re.

15 

Gerberding JL: Management of occupational exposures to blood-borne viruses. N Engl J Med. 332:444–451. 1995.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Nagao Y, Chiba I and Sata M: Survey of hepatitis B and C in students of faculty of dentistry and dental hygienist school. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 78:554–565. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar : (In Japanese).

17 

Nagao Y, Matsuoka H, Kawaguchi T, Ide T and Sata M: HBV and HCV infection in Japanese dental care workers. Int J Mol Med. 21:791–799. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

18 

Nagao Y, Ozaki T, Kawaguchi A, Chiba I, Harada K, Saito T and Shiratsuchi S: Survey of dental health care workers regarding their knowledge of viral liver disease and prevention of its transmission, using an online questionnaire. Adv Res Gastroentero Hepatol. 10:95–108. 2018.

19 

Nishijo T, Inoue R, Kurita T, Akita A, Takano K and Kuroda H: A preliminary report of the vaccination of hepatitis B vaccine to the medical stuff in Juntendo University Hospital. Juntendo Med J. 34:232–235. 1988.

20 

Okabe N, Arakawa S, Iwata S, Shiraishi T, Taya K, Fujimoto T, Mikamo H and Yasuoka A: The first edition of the vaccine guideline for nosocomial infections. Jap J Environmental Infect. 24:S1–S11. 2009.(In Japanese).

21 

Deguchi M, Kagita M, Yoshioka N, Tsukamoto H, Takao M, Tahara K, Maeda I, Hidaka Y, Yamauchi S, Kaneko A, et al: Evaluation of the highly sensitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay ‘Lumipulse HBsAg-HQ’ for hepatitis B virus screening. J Clin Lab Anal. 32(e22334)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Choi SJ, Park Y, Lee EY, Kim S and Kim HS: Performance evaluation of LUMIPULSE G1200 autoimmunoanalyzer for the detection of serum hepatitis B virus markers. J Clin Lab Anal. 27:204–206. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Bond WW, Favero MS, Petersen NJ, Gravelle CR, Ebert JW and Maynard JE: Survival of hepatitis B virus after drying and storage for one week. Lancet. 1:550–551. 1981.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Kobayashi K: Questionnaire study of needlestick injures and hepatitis B vaccination in general dental practices. Jap J Environmental Infect. 30:348–353. 2015.(In Japanese).

25 

McCarthy GM, Koval JJ and MacDonald JK: Occupational injuries and exposures among Canadian dentists: The results of a national survey. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 20:331–336. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Werner BG and Grady GF: Accidental hepatitis-B-surface-antigen-positive inoculations Use of e antigen to estimate infectivity. Ann Intern Med. 97:367–369. 1982.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Relation of e antigen to infectivity of hBsAg-positive inoculations among medical personnel. Lancet. 1:492–494. 1976.PubMed/NCBI

28 

Olubuyide IO, Ola SO, Aliyu B, Dosumu OO, Arotiba JT, Olaleye OA, Odaibo GN, Odemuyiwa SO and Olawuyi F: Hepatitis B and C in doctors and dentists in Nigeria. QJM. 90:417–422. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Vadivale M, Tan TC and Ong CN: Sero-prevalence of hepatitis B infection among dental professionals. Singapore Med J. 33:367–369. 1992.PubMed/NCBI

30 

Batista SM, Andreasi MS, Borges AM, Lindenberg AS, Silva AL, Fernandes TD, Pereira EF, Basmage EA and Cardoso DD: Seropositivity for hepatitis B virus, vaccination coverage, and vaccine response in dentists from Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 101:263–267. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Cleveland JL, Siew C, Lockwood SA, Gruninger SE, Gooch BF and Shapiro CN: Hepatitis B vaccination and infection among U.S. dentists, 1983-1992. J Am Dent Assoc. 127:1385–1390. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Ammon A, Reichart PA, Pauli G and Petersen LR: Hepatitis B and C among Berlin dental personnel: Incidence, risk factors, and effectiveness of barrier prevention measures. Epidemiol Infect. 125:407–413. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Ahmad Akhoundi MS, Momeni N, Norouzi M, Ghalichi L, Shamshiri AR, Alavian SM, Poortahmasebi V and Jazayeri SM: Prevalence of blood-borne viruses among Iranian dentists: Results of a national survey. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 28:593–602. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Redd JT, Baumbach J, Kohn W, Nainan O, Khristova M and Williams I: Patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis B virus associated with oral surgery. J Infect Dis. 195:1311–1314. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Seike M, Honda K, Endo M, Oribe J, Arakawa M, Tokoro M, Iwao M, Otsu S and Murakami K: A case of acute hepatitis C suspected to be infected by dental treatment. Kanzo. 58 (Suppl 3)(A880)2017.(In Japanese).

36 

Nagao Y, Kawaguchi T, Ide T and Sata M: HCV or HBV infection self-disclosure to dentists. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 82:213–219. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar : (In Japanese).

37 

Okabe N, Arakawa S, Iwata S, Ihara T, Shiraishi T, Taya K, Fujimoto T, Mikamo H and Yasuoka A: The second edition of the vaccine guideline for healthcare professionals. Jap J Environmental Infec. 29 (Suppl 3):S1–S13. 2014.(In Japanese).

38 

Mikamo H, Taya K, Ishiguro N, Iwata S, Uchida M, Okada K, Kanai S, Toyokawa M, Nakano T, Fujimura S, et al: The third edition of the vaccine guideline for healthcare professionals. Jap J Environmental Infect. 35 (Suppl II):S1–S31. 2020.(In Japanese).

39 

Piazza M, Borgia G, Picciotto L, Nappa S, Cicciarello S and Orlando R: Detection of hepatitis C virus-RNA by polymerase chain reaction in dental surgeries. J Med Virol. 45:40–42. 1995.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Hashish MH, Selim HS, Elshazly SA, Diab HH and Elsayed NM: Screening for the hepatitis C virus in some dental clinics in Alexandria, Egypt. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 87:109–115. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Nagao Y, Seki N, Tamatsukuri S and Sata M: Detection of hepatitis C virus in saliva before and after scaling of dental calculus. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 74:961–965. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Wang CC, Morishima C, Chung M, Engelberg R, Krantz E, Krows M, Sullivan DG, Gretch DR and Corey L: High serum hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA load predicts the presence of HCV RNA in saliva from individuals with chronic and acute HCV infection. J Infect Dis. 193:672–676. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Banatvala JE and Van Damme P: Hepatitis B vaccine-do we need boosters? J Viral Hepat. 10:1–6. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Ferreira RC, Guimaraes AL, Pereira RD, Andrade RM, Xavier RP and Martins AM: Hepatitis B vaccination and associated factors among dentists. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 15:315–323. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Survey of Physicians, Dentists and Pharmacists. 2018, Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (In Japanese). Accessed from: urihttps://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/ishi/18/index.htmlsimplehttps://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/ishi/18/index.html.

46 

Nagao Y: The role of dentists in controlling hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan (Review). Exp Ther Med: Dec 3, 2020 (Epub ahead of print). doi: org/10.3892/etm.2020.9545.

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Nagao Y, Kimura T and Nagao H: Analysis of hepatitis B and C virus infections amongst members of the Dental National Health Insurance Society in the Oita Prefecture. Biomed Rep 14: 23, 2021.
APA
Nagao, Y., Kimura, T., & Nagao, H. (2021). Analysis of hepatitis B and C virus infections amongst members of the Dental National Health Insurance Society in the Oita Prefecture. Biomedical Reports, 14, 23. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2020.1399
MLA
Nagao, Y., Kimura, T., Nagao, H."Analysis of hepatitis B and C virus infections amongst members of the Dental National Health Insurance Society in the Oita Prefecture". Biomedical Reports 14.2 (2021): 23.
Chicago
Nagao, Y., Kimura, T., Nagao, H."Analysis of hepatitis B and C virus infections amongst members of the Dental National Health Insurance Society in the Oita Prefecture". Biomedical Reports 14, no. 2 (2021): 23. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2020.1399
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Nagao Y, Kimura T and Nagao H: Analysis of hepatitis B and C virus infections amongst members of the Dental National Health Insurance Society in the Oita Prefecture. Biomed Rep 14: 23, 2021.
APA
Nagao, Y., Kimura, T., & Nagao, H. (2021). Analysis of hepatitis B and C virus infections amongst members of the Dental National Health Insurance Society in the Oita Prefecture. Biomedical Reports, 14, 23. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2020.1399
MLA
Nagao, Y., Kimura, T., Nagao, H."Analysis of hepatitis B and C virus infections amongst members of the Dental National Health Insurance Society in the Oita Prefecture". Biomedical Reports 14.2 (2021): 23.
Chicago
Nagao, Y., Kimura, T., Nagao, H."Analysis of hepatitis B and C virus infections amongst members of the Dental National Health Insurance Society in the Oita Prefecture". Biomedical Reports 14, no. 2 (2021): 23. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2020.1399
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team