Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Biomedical Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2049-9434 Online ISSN: 2049-9442
Journal Cover
May-2021 Volume 14 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
May-2021 Volume 14 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Low type I interferon response in COVID‑19 patients: Interferon response may be a potential treatment for COVID‑19

  • Authors:
    • Ahmed Abdulwahid Salman
    • Mohammed Hussein Waheed
    • Akeel Abd Ali‑Αbdulsahib
    • Zeenah Weheed Atwan
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: PCR Laboratory, Public Health Department, Basrah Health Directorate, Basrah, Iraq, Microbiology Laboratory, Basrah Educational Hospital, Basrah, Iraq, Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Biology Department, College of Science, Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq
  • Article Number: 43
    |
    Published online on: March 9, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2021.1419
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Interferons (IFN) are antiviral cytokines that mitigate the effects of invading viruses early on during the infection process. SARS‑CoV and MERS induce weak IFN responses; hence, the clinical trials which included recombinant IFN accompanied with other antiviral drugs exhibited improved results in terms of shortening the duration of illness. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the type I IFN response in COVID‑19 patients to determine whether it is sufficient to eliminate or reduce the severity of the infection, and whether it can be recommended as a potential therapy. Total RNA samples were converted to cDNA and used as templates to evaluate the gene expression levels of IFN regulatory factor (IRF)3 and IFN‑β in COVID‑19 patients or control. The results showed that IRF3 gene expression was upregulated ~250‑fold compared with the negative samples. In contrast, IFN‑β expression increased slightly in COVID‑19 patients. Consistent with other coronaviruses, such as SARS‑CoV and MERS, COVID‑19 infection does not induce an efficient IFN response to reduce the severity of the virus. This may be attributed to an incomplete response of IRF3 in activating the IFN‑β promoter in the infected patients. The results suggest IFN‑β or α may be used as potential treatments.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

View References

1 

Docea AO, Tsatsakis A, Albulescu D, Cristea O, Zlatian O, Vinceti M, Moschos SA, Tsoukalas D, Goumenou M, Drakoulis N, et al: A new threat from an old enemy: Re emergence of coronavirus (Review). Int J Mol Med. 45:1631–1643. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Tsatsakis A, Petrakis D, Nikolouzakis TK, Docea AO, Calina D, Vinceti M, Goumenou M, Kostoff RN, Mamoulakis C, Aschner M, et al: COVID-19, an opportunity to reevaluate the correlation between long-term effects of anthropogenic pollutants on viral epidemic/pandemic events and prevalence. Food Chem Toxicol. 141(111418)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Conti P, Caraffa A, Gallenga CE, Ross R, Kritas SK, Frydas I, Younes A and Ronconi G: Coronavirus-19 (SARS-CoV-2) induces acute severe lung inflammation via IL-1 causing cytokine storm in COVID-19: A promising inhibitory strategy. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 34:1971–1975. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Shi H, Wang W, Yin J, Ouyang Y, Pang L, Feng Y, Qiao L, Guo X, Shi H, Jin R, et al: The inhibition of IL-2/IL-2R gives rise to CD8+ T cell and lymphocyte decrease through JAK1-STAT5 in critical patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Cell Death Dis. 11(429)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Del Valle DM, Kim-Schulze S, Huang HH, Beckmann ND, Nirenberg S, Wang B, Lavin Y, Swartz TH, Madduri D, Stock A, et al: An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity and survival. Nat Med. 26:1636–1643. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Han H, Ma Q, Li C, Liu R, Zhao L, Wang W, Zhang P, Liu X, Gao G, Liu F, et al: Profiling serum cytokines in COVID-19 patients reveals IL-6 and IL-10 are disease severity predictors. Emerg Microbes Infect. 9:1123–1130. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Zhu FC, Guan XH, Li YH, Huang JY, Jiang T, Hou LH, Li JX, Yang BF, Wang L, Wang WJ, et al: Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 396:479–488. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Yu J, Tostanoski LH, Peter L, Mercado NB, McMahan K, Mahrokhian SH, Nkolola JP, Liu J, Li Z, Chandrashekar A, et al: DNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques. Science. 369:806–811. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Calina D, Docea AO, Petrakis D, Egorov AM, Ishmukhametov AA, Gabibov AG, Shtilman MI, Kostoff R, Carvalho F, Vinceti M, et al: Towards effective COVID-19 vaccines: Updates, perspectives and challenges (Review). Int J Mol Med. 46:3–16. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Isaacs A and Lindenmann J: Virus interference. I. The interferon. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 147:258–267. 1957.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Vilcek J and Sen GC: Interferons and other cytokines. In: Fields Virology. Fields BN, Knipe DM and Howley PM (eds). 3rd edition. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, PA, pp375-399, 1996.

12 

Deonarain R, Alcami A, Alexiou M, Dallman MJ, Gewert DR and Porter AC: Impaired antiviral response and alpha/β interferon induction in mice lacking beta interferon. J Virol. 74:3404–3409. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Sato M, Suemori H, Hata N, Asagiri M, Ogasawara K, Nakao K, Nakaya T, Katsuki M, Noguchi S, Tanaka N, et al: Distinct and essential roles of transcription factors IRF-3 and IRF-7 in response to viruses for IFN-alpha/beta gene induction. Immunity. 13:539–548. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Collins SE, Noyce RS and Mossman KL: Innate cellular response to virus particle entry requires IRF3 but not virus replication. J Virol. 78:1706–1717. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Taniguchi T, Ogasawara K, Takaoka A and Tanaka N: IRF family of transcription factors as regulators of host defense. Annu Rev Immunol. 19:623–655. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Garoufalis E, Kwan I, Lin R, Mustafa A, Pepin N, ARoulston A, Lacoste J and Hiscott J: Viral induction of the human beta interferon promoter: modulation of transcription by NF-kappaB/rel proteins and interferon regulatory factors. J Virol. 68:4707–4715. 1994.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Paun A and Pitha PM: The IRF family, revisited. Biochimie. 89:744–753. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Génin P, Vaccaro A and Civas A: The role of differential expression of human interferon - a genes in antiviral immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 20:283–295. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Ye J and Maniatis T: Negative regulation of interferon-beta gene expression during acute and persistent virus infections. PLoS One. 6(e20681)2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Weaver BK, Kumar KP and Reich NC: Interferon regulatory factor 3 and CREB-binding protein/p300 are subunits of double-stranded RNA-activated transcription factor DRAF1. Mol Cell Biol. 18:1359–1368. 1998.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Takeuchi O and Akira S: MDA5/RIG-I and virus recognition. Curr Opin Immunol. 20:17–22. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Kato H, Sato S, Yoneyama M, Yamamoto M, Uematsu S, Matsui K, Tsujimura T, Takeda K, Fujita T, Takeuchi O, et al: Cell type-specific involvement of RIG-I in antiviral response. Immunity. 23:19–28. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Kato H, Takeuchi O, Sato S, Yoneyama M, Yamamoto M, Matsui K, Uematsu S, Jung A, Kawai T, Ishii KJ, et al: Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses. Nature. 441:101–105. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Ye Y, Hauns K, Langland JO, Jacobs BL and Hogue BG: Mouse hepatitis coronavirus A59 nucleocapsid protein is a type I interferon antagonist. J Virol. 81:2554–2563. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Huang Z and Tunnacliffe A: Response of human cells to desiccation: comparison with hyperosmotic stress response. J Physiol. 558:181–191. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Strayer DR, Dickey R and Carter WA: Sensitivity of SARS/MERS CoV to interferons and other drugs based on achievable serum concentrations in humans. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 14:37–43. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Tsatsakis A, Calina D, Falzone L, Petrakis D, Mitrut R, Siokas V, Pennisi M, Lanza G, Libra M, Doukas SG, et al: SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology and its clinical implications: An integrative overview of the pharmacotherapeutic management of COVID-19. Food Chem Toxicol. 146(111769)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Nakamura M, Funami K, Komori A, Yokoyama T, Aiba Y, Araki A, Takii Y, Ito M, Matsuyama M, Koyabu M, et al: Increased expression of Toll-like receptor 3 in intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells at sites of ductular reaction in diseased livers. Hepatol Int. 2:222–230. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Liu LM, Tu WJ, Zhu T, Wang XT, Tan ZL, Zhong H, Gao DY and Liang DY: IRF3 is an important molecule in the UII/UT system and mediates immune inflammatory injury in acute liver failure. Oncotarget. 7:49027–49041. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Xu RH, Schuster DM, Lee JE, Smith M, Potter J, Dhariwal G, Rosenthal K, Nathan M, Gerard GF and Rashtchian A: One-step analysis and quantification of RNA by RT-PCR: Using high-temperature reverse transcription. Focus. 22:3–5. 2000.

31 

Génin P, Morin P and Civas A: Impairment of interferon-induced IRF-7 gene expression due to inhibition of ISGF3 formation by trichostatin A. J Virol. 77:7113–7119. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

de Lang A, Baas T, Smits SL, Katze MG, Osterhaus AD and Haagmans BL: Unraveling the complexities of the interferon response during SARS-CoV infection. Future Virol. 4:71–78. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Chan RW, Chan MC, Agnihothram S, Chan LL, Kuok DI, Fong JH, Guan Y, Poon LL, Baric RS, Nicholls JM, et al: Tropism of and innate immune responses to the novel human betacoronavirus lineage C virus in human ex vivo respiratory organ cultures. J Virol. 87:6604–6614. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Tang BS, Chan KH, Cheng VC, Woo PC, Lau SK, Lam CC, Chan TL, Wu AK, Hung IF, Leung SY, et al: Comparative host gene transcription by microarray analysis early after infection of the Huh7 cell line by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and human coronavirus 229E. J Virol. 79:6180–6193. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Au WC, Moore PA, Lowther W, Juang YT and Pitha PM: Identification of a member of the interferon regulatory factor family that binds to the interferon-stimulated response element and activates expression of interferon-induced genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:11657–11661. 1995.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Atwan Z, Wright J, Woodman A and Leppard KN: Promyelocytic leukemia protein isoform II inhibits infection by human adenovirus type 5 through effects on HSP70 and the interferon response. J Gen Virol. 97:1955–1967. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Walker WE, Bozzi AT and Goldstein DR: IRF3 contributes to sepsis pathogenesis in the mouse cecal ligation and puncture model. J Leukoc Biol. 92:1261–1268. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Spiegel M, Pichlmair A, Martínez-Sobrido L, Cros J, García-Sastre A, Haller O and Weber F: Inhibition of Beta interferon induction by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus suggests a two-step model for activation of interferon regulatory factor 3. J Virol. 79:2079–2086. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Loukugamage KG, Hage A, de Vries M, Valero-Jimenez AM, Schindewolf C, Dittmann M, Rajsbaum R and Menachery VD: SARS-CoV-2 sensitive to type I interferon pretreatment. bioRxiv: Apr 9, 2020 (Epub ahead of print). doi: 10.1101/2020.03.07.982264.

40 

Zhao X, Guo F, Liu F, Cuconati A, Chang J, Block TM and Guo JT: Interferon induction of IFITM proteins promotes infection by human coronavirus OC43. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 111:6756–6761. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Snijder EJ, van der Meer Y, Zevenhoven-Dobbe J, Onderwater JJ, van der Meulen J, Koerten HK and Mommaas AM: Ultrastructure and origin of membrane vesicles associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication complex. J Virol. 80:5927–5940. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Stertz S, Reichelt M, Spiegel M, Kuri T, Martinez-Sobrido L, Garcia-Sastre A, Weber F and Koch G: The intracellular sites of early replication and budding of SARS-coronaviru. Virology. 361:304–315. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Cinatl J, Morgenstern B, Bauer G, Chandra P, Rabenau H and Doerr HW: Treatment of SARS with human interferons. Lancet. 362:293–294. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Mahlakõiv T, Ritz D, Mordstein M, DeDiego ML, Enjuanes L, Müller MA, Drosten C and Staeheli P: Combined action of type I and type III interferon restricts initial replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the lung but fails to inhibit systemic virus spread. J Gen Virol. 93:2601–2605. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Channappanavar R, Fehr AR, Vijay R, Mack M, Zhao J, Meyerholz DK and Perlman S: Dysregulated type I interferon and inflammatory monocyte-macrophage responses cause lethal pneumonia in SARS-CoV-infected mice. Cell Host Microbe. 19:181–193. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Zhou Q, Chen V, Shannon CP, Wei XS, Xiang X, Wang X, Wang ZH, Tebbutt SJ, Kollmann TR and Fish EN: Interferon-α2b Treatment for COVID-19. Front Immunol. 11(1061)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Davoudi-Monfared E, Rahmani H, Khalili H, Hajiabdolbaghi M, Salehi M, Abbasian L, Kazemzadeh H and Yekaninejad MS: A randomized clinical trial of the efficacy and safety of interferon beta-1a in treatment of severe COVID-19. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 64:e01061–e20. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

48 

Hung IF, Lung KC, Tso EY, Liu R, Chung TW, Chu MY, Ng YY, Lo J, Chan J, Tam AR, et al: Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir-ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 395:1695–1704. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Hadjadj J, Yatim N, Barnabei L, Corneau A, Boussier J, Smith N, Péré H, Charbit B, Bondet V, Chenevier-Gobeaux C, et al: Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients. Science. 369:718–724. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Blanco-Melo D, Nilsson-Payant BE, Liu WC, Uhl S, Hoagland D, Møller R, Jordan TX, Oishi K, Panis M, Sachs D, et al: Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19. Cell. 181:1036–1045.e9. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

51 

Wilk AJ, Rustagi A, Zhao NQ, Roque J, Martínez-Colón GJ, McKechnie JL, Ivison GT, Ranganath T, Vergara R, Hollis T, et al: A single-cell atlas of the peripheral immune response in patients with severe COVID-19. Nat Med. 26:1070–1076. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

52 

Lee JS and Shin EC: The type I interferon response in COVID-19: Implications for treatment. Nat Rev Immunol. 20:585–586. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Salman AA, Waheed MH, Ali‑Αbdulsahib AA and Atwan ZW: Low type I interferon response in COVID‑19 patients: Interferon response may be a potential treatment for COVID‑19. Biomed Rep 14: 43, 2021.
APA
Salman, A.A., Waheed, M.H., Ali‑Αbdulsahib, A.A., & Atwan, Z.W. (2021). Low type I interferon response in COVID‑19 patients: Interferon response may be a potential treatment for COVID‑19. Biomedical Reports, 14, 43. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2021.1419
MLA
Salman, A. A., Waheed, M. H., Ali‑Αbdulsahib, A. A., Atwan, Z. W."Low type I interferon response in COVID‑19 patients: Interferon response may be a potential treatment for COVID‑19". Biomedical Reports 14.5 (2021): 43.
Chicago
Salman, A. A., Waheed, M. H., Ali‑Αbdulsahib, A. A., Atwan, Z. W."Low type I interferon response in COVID‑19 patients: Interferon response may be a potential treatment for COVID‑19". Biomedical Reports 14, no. 5 (2021): 43. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2021.1419
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Salman AA, Waheed MH, Ali‑Αbdulsahib AA and Atwan ZW: Low type I interferon response in COVID‑19 patients: Interferon response may be a potential treatment for COVID‑19. Biomed Rep 14: 43, 2021.
APA
Salman, A.A., Waheed, M.H., Ali‑Αbdulsahib, A.A., & Atwan, Z.W. (2021). Low type I interferon response in COVID‑19 patients: Interferon response may be a potential treatment for COVID‑19. Biomedical Reports, 14, 43. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2021.1419
MLA
Salman, A. A., Waheed, M. H., Ali‑Αbdulsahib, A. A., Atwan, Z. W."Low type I interferon response in COVID‑19 patients: Interferon response may be a potential treatment for COVID‑19". Biomedical Reports 14.5 (2021): 43.
Chicago
Salman, A. A., Waheed, M. H., Ali‑Αbdulsahib, A. A., Atwan, Z. W."Low type I interferon response in COVID‑19 patients: Interferon response may be a potential treatment for COVID‑19". Biomedical Reports 14, no. 5 (2021): 43. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2021.1419
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team