Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Biomedical Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2049-9434 Online ISSN: 2049-9442
Journal Cover
January-2022 Volume 16 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
January-2022 Volume 16 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review

Mechanisms of gram‑positive vancomycin resistance (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Samy Selim
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  • Article Number: 7
    |
    Published online on: November 26, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2021.1490
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Vancomycin‑resistant bacteria (VRB) are important consideration in medicine and public health as they can cause life‑threatening infections that appear to be resistant to therapy and persist in the body after medication. A wide spectrum of antimicrobial resistance characteristics, as well as various environmental and animal settings underlie the evolution of the most prevalent the most prevalent van genes in the VRB genome, indicating significant gene flow. As illnesses caused by VRB have become increasingly complex, several previously effective therapeutic techniques have become ineffective, complicating clinical care further. The focus of this review is the mechanism of vancomycin resistance in Enterococci, Staphylococci and Lactobacilli.
View Figures
View References

1 

Stogios PJ and Savchenko A: Molecular mechanisms of vancomycin resistance. Protein Sci. 29:654–669. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Barna JC and Williams DH: The structure and mode of action of glycopeptide antibiotics of the vancomycin group. Annu Rev Microbiol. 38:339–357. 1984.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Griffith RS: Vancomycin use - an historical review. J Antimicrob Chemother. 14 (Suppl D):1–5. 1984.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Mühlberg E, Umstätter F, Kleist C, Domhan C, Mier W and Uhl P: Renaissance of vancomycin: Approaches for breaking antibiotic resistance in multidrug-resistant bacteria. Can J Microbiol. 66:11–16. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Reynolds PE: Structure, biochemistry and mechanism of action of glycopeptide antibiotics. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 8:943–950. 1989.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Morrison D, Woodford N and Cookson B: Enterococci as emerging pathogens of humans. J Appl Microbiol. 83 (Suppl 1):89S–99S. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

7 

Arthur M, Molinas C, Depardieu F and Courvalin P: Characterization of Tn1546, a Tn3-related transposon conferring glycopeptide resistance by synthesis of depsipeptide peptidoglycan precursors in Enterococcus faecium BM4147. J Bacteriol. 175:117–127. 1993.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Brisson-Noël A, Dutka-Malen S, Molinas C, Leclercq R and Courvalin P: Cloning and heterospecific expression of the resistance determinant vanA encoding high-level resistance to glycopeptides in Enterococcus faecium BM4147. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 34:924–927. 1990.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Noble WC, Virani Z and Cree RGA: Co-transfer of vancomycin and other resistance genes from Enterococcus faecalis NCTC 12201 to Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 72:195–198. 1992.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Woodford N: Epidemiology of the genetic elements responsible for acquired glycopeptide resistance in enterococci. Microb Drug Resist. 7:229–236. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Bugg TDH, Wright GD, Dutka-Malen S, Arthur M, Courvalin P and Walsh CT: Molecular basis for vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium BM4147: Biosynthesis of a depsipeptide peptidoglycan precursor by vancomycin resistance proteins VanH and VanA. Biochemistry. 30:10408–10415. 1991.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Pootoolal J, Neu J and Wright GD: Glycopeptide antibiotic resistance. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 42:381–408. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Bugg TD, Dutka-Malen S, Arthur M, Courvalin P and Walsh CT: Identification of vancomycin resistance protein VanA as a D-alanine:D-alanine ligase of altered substrate specificity. Biochemistry. 30:2017–2021. 1991.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Arthur M, Molinas C, Dutka-Malen S and Courvalin P: Structural relationship between the vancomycin resistance protein VanH and 2-hydroxycarboxylic acid dehydrogenases. Gene. 103:133–134. 1991.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Reynolds PE, Depardieu F, Dutka-Malen S, Arthur M and Courvalin P: Glycopeptide resistance mediated by enterococcal transposon Tn1546 requires production of VanX for hydrolysis of D-alanyl-D-alanine. Mol Microbiol. 13:1065–1070. 1994.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Wu Z, Wright GD and Walsh CT: Overexpression, purification, and characterization of VanX, a D-, D-dipeptidase which is essential for vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium BM4147. Biochemistry. 34:2455–2463. 1995.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Arthur M and Quintiliani R Jr: Regulation of VanA- and VanB-type glycopeptide resistance in enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 45:375–381. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Arthur M, Depardieu F, Gerbaud G, Galimand M, Leclercq R and Courvalin P: The VanS sensor negatively controls VanR-mediated transcriptional activation of glycopeptide resistance genes of Tn1546 and related elements in the absence of induction. J Bacteriol. 179:97–106. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Arthur M, Depardieu F, Molinas C, Reynolds P and Courvalin P: The vanZ gene of Tn1546 from Enterococcus faecium BM4147 confers resistance to teicoplanin. Gene. 154:87–92. 1995.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Arthur M, Molinas C and Courvalin P: Sequence of the vanY gene required for production of a vancomycin-inducible D,D-carboxypeptidase in Enterococcus faecium BM4147. Gene. 120:111–114. 1992.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Evers S, Sahm DF and Courvalin P: The VanB gene of Enterococcus faecalis V583 is structurally related to genes encoding D-Ala-D-Ala ligases and glycopeptide resistance proteins VanA and VanC. Gene. 124:143–144. 1993.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Hayden MK, Picken RN and Sahm DF: Heterogeneous expression of glycopeptide resistance in enterococci associated with transfer of vanB. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 41:872–874. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Poyart C, Pierre C, Quesne G, Pron B, Berche P and Trieu-Cuot P: Emergence of vancomycin resistance in the genus Streptococcus: Characterization of a vanB transferable determinant in Streptococcus bovis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 41:24–29. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Baptista M, Depardieu F, Courvalin P and Arthur M: Specificity of induction of glycopeptide resistance genes in Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 40:2291–2295. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Billot-Klein D, Gutmann L, Sablé S, Guittet E and van Heijenoort J: Modification of peptidoglycan precursors is a common feature of the low-level vancomycin-resistant VANB-type Enterococcus D366 and of the naturally glycopeptide-resistant species Lactobacillus casei, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Enterococcus gallinarum. J Bacteriol. 176:2398–2405. 1994.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Boyle-Valva S, Berke SK, Lee JC and Daum RS: Reversion of the glycopeptide resistance phenotype in Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. Antimicob Agents Chemother. 44:272–277. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Cercenado E, García-Leoni ME, Díaz MD, Sánchez-Carrillo C, Catalán P, De Quirós JC and Bouza E: Emergence of teicoplanin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Clin Microbiol. 34:1765–1768. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Clark NC, Teixeira LM, Facklam RR and Tenover FC: Detection and differentiation of vanC-1, vanC-2, and vanC-3 glycopeptide resistance genes in enterococci. J Clin Microbiol. 36:2294–2297. 1998.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Cui L, Ma X, Sato K, Okuma K, Tenover FC, Mamizuka EM, Gemmell CG, Kim MN, Ploy MC, El-Solh N, et al: Cell wall thickening is a common feature of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 41:5–14. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Dahl KH, Simonsen GS, Olsvik O and Sundsfjord A: Heterogeneity in the vanB gene cluster of genomically diverse clinical strains of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 43:1105–1110. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Dever LL, Smith SM, Handwerger S and Eng RH: Vancomycin-dependent Enterococcus faecium isolated from stool following oral vancomycin therapy. J Clin Microbiol. 33:2770–2773. 1995.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Dunne WM Jr, Qureshi H, Pervez H and Nafziger DA: Staphylococcus epidermidis with intermediate resistance to vancomycin: Elusive phenotype or laboratory artifact? Clin Infect Dis. 33:135–137. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Dutka-Malen S, Blaimont B, Wauters G and Courvalin P: Emergence of high-level resistance to glycopeptides in Enterococcus gallinarum and Enterococcus casseliflavus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 38:1675–1677. 1994.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Dutka-Malen S, Leclercq R, Coutant V, Duval J and Courvalin P: Phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity of glycopeptide resistance determinants in gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 34:1875–1879. 1990.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Eliopoulos GM: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Mechanism and clinical relevance. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 11:851–865. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Fahmy K and El-Hendi Y: Emergence of glycopeptide non-susceptible coagulase negative staphylococci among renal failure patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Egypt J Med Microbiol. 11:349–356. 2002.

37 

Fines M, Perichon B, Reynolds P, Sahm DF and Courvalin P: VanE, a new type of acquired glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecalis BM4405. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 43:2161–2164. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Fridkin SK: Vancomycin-intermediate and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus: What the infectious disease specialist needs to know. Clin Infect Dis. 32:108–115. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Geisel R, Schmitz FJ, Fluit AC and Labischinski H: Emergence, mechanism, and clinical implications of reduced glycopeptide susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 20:685–697. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Hiramatsu K: Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A new model of antibiotic resistance. Lancet Infect Dis. 1:147–155. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Asadpour L and Ghazanfari N: Detection of vancomycin nonsusceptible strains in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in northern Iran. Int Microbiol. 22:411–417. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Wu Q, Sabokroo N, Wang Y, Hashemian M, Karamollahi S and Kouhsari E: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology of vancomycin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 10(101)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Murray BE: Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections. N Engl J Med. 342:710–721. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Nicas TI, Cole CT, Preston DA, Schabel AA and Nagarajan R: Activity of glycopeptides against vancomycin-resistant gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 33:1477–1481. 1989.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Ostrowsky BE, Clark NC, Thauvin-Eliopoulos C, Venkataraman L, Samore MH, Tenover FC, Eliopoulos GM, Moellering RC Jr and Gold HS: A cluster of VanD vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium: Molecular characterization and clinical epidemiology. J Infect Dis. 180:1177–1185. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Perichon B, Reynolds P and Courvalin P: VanD-type glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium BM4339. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 41:2016–2018. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Rajashekaraiah KR, Rice T, Rao VS, Marsh D, Ramakrishna B and Kallick CA: Clinical significance of tolerant strains of Staphylococcus aureus in patients with endocarditis. Ann Intern Med. 93:796–801. 1980.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

48 

Reynolds PE, Snaith HA, Maguire AJ, Dutka-Malen S and Courvalin P: Analysis of peptidoglycan precursors in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus gallinarum BM4174. Biochem J. 301:5–8. 1994.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Rodriguez-Cerrato V, McCoig CC, Saavedra J, Barton T, Michelow IC, Hardy RD, Bowlware K, Iglehart J, Katz K and McCracken GH Jr: Garenoxacin (BMS-284756) and moxifloxacin in experimental meningitis caused by vancomycin-tolerant pneumococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 47:211–215. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Rybak MJ and Akins RL: Emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with intermediate glycopeptide resistance: Clinical significance and treatment options. Drugs. 61:1–7. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

51 

Shariati A, Dadashi M, Moghadam MT, van Belkum A, Yaslianifard S and Dar ban Sarokhalil DJ: Global prevalence and distribution of vancomycin resistant, vancomycin intermediate and heterogeneously vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates: a systematic review and meta analysis. Sci Rep. 10:1–16. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

52 

Sieradzki K, Villari P and Tomasz A: Decreased susceptibilities to teicoplanin and vancomycin among coagulase-negative methicillin-resistant clinical isolates of staphylococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 42:100–107. 1998.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

53 

Cong Y, Yang S and Rao X: Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: A review of case updating and clinical features. J Adv Res. 21:169–176. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

54 

Walsh TR and Howe RA: The prevalence and mechanisms of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Annu Rev Microbiol. 56:657–675. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

55 

Wong SSY, Ho PL, Woo PCY and Yuen KY: Bacteremia caused by staphylococci with inducible vancomycin heteroresistance. Clin Infect Dis. 29:760–767. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

56 

Tacconelli E, Tumbarello M, Donati KG, Bettio M, Spanu T, Leone F, Sechi LA, Zanetti S, Fadda G and Cauda R: Glycopeptide resistance among coagulase-negative staphylococci that cause bacteremia: Epidemiological and clinical findings from a case-control study. Clin Infect Dis. 33:1628–1635. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Selim S: Mechanisms of gram‑positive vancomycin resistance (Review). Biomed Rep 16: 7, 2022.
APA
Selim, S. (2022). Mechanisms of gram‑positive vancomycin resistance (Review). Biomedical Reports, 16, 7. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2021.1490
MLA
Selim, S."Mechanisms of gram‑positive vancomycin resistance (Review)". Biomedical Reports 16.1 (2022): 7.
Chicago
Selim, S."Mechanisms of gram‑positive vancomycin resistance (Review)". Biomedical Reports 16, no. 1 (2022): 7. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2021.1490
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Selim S: Mechanisms of gram‑positive vancomycin resistance (Review). Biomed Rep 16: 7, 2022.
APA
Selim, S. (2022). Mechanisms of gram‑positive vancomycin resistance (Review). Biomedical Reports, 16, 7. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2021.1490
MLA
Selim, S."Mechanisms of gram‑positive vancomycin resistance (Review)". Biomedical Reports 16.1 (2022): 7.
Chicago
Selim, S."Mechanisms of gram‑positive vancomycin resistance (Review)". Biomedical Reports 16, no. 1 (2022): 7. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2021.1490
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team