Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Biomedical Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2049-9434 Online ISSN: 2049-9442
Journal Cover
November-2022 Volume 17 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
November-2022 Volume 17 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Air pollutants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication administration in elementary schools

  • Authors:
    • Rami A. Saadeh
    • Wasantha P. Jayawardene
    • Davide K. Lohrmann
    • Ahmed H. Youssefagha
    • Mohammed Z. Allouh
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan, School of Human Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA, Indiana University School of Public Health‑Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA, Allied Business for Development and Training, Fishers, IN 46040, USA, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain City 15551, United Arab Emirates
  • Article Number: 85
    |
    Published online on: September 13, 2022
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2022.1568
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Air pollution is considered a risk factor for several diseases, particularly respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. However, the effects of air pollution on neurobehavioral disorders have not been confirmed as of yet. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether there was an association between seven air pollutants and ADHD medication administration (ADHD‑MA) in Pennsylvania‑located elementary schools over a 3‑year period. An ecological study design involving records of 168,825 children from elementary schools in 49 Pennsylvania counties was used. The number of children with ADHD‑MA was extracted from an online software specifically designed for allowing nurses to record health conditions in schools. Daily measurements of air pollutants were obtained from the U.S Environmental Protection Agency. The differences in the number of ADHD‑MA among the four seasons, for all years, were statistically significant (P<0.001). Three air pollutants (SO2, CO, and PM2.5) were significantly associated with ADHD‑MA; no interactions among air pollutants were significant. Air pollution was thus likely associated with ADHD‑MA. Prospective epidemiological and biomedical studies should next examine the molecular relationship between air pollution and ADHD symptoms.
View Figures
View References

1 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). 2014.

2 

Faraone SV and Mick E: Molecular genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 33:159–180. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Danielson ML, Bitsko RH, Ghandour RM, Holbrook JR, Kogan MD and Blumberg SJ: Prevalence of parent-reported ADHD diagnosis and associated treatment among U.S. Children and adolescents, 2016. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 47:199–212. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Buitelaar J and Medori R: Treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder beyond symptom control alone in children and adolescents: A review of the potential benefits of long-acting stimulants. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 19:325–340. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Bush G: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and attention networks. Neuropsychopharmacology. 35:278–300. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Siddique S, Banerjee M, Ray MR and Lahiri T: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children chronically exposed to high level of vehicular pollution. Eur J Pediatr. 170:923–929. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Chen MH, Su TP, Chen YS, Hsu JW, Huang KL, Chang WH and Bai YM: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, tic disorder, and allergy: Is there a link? A nationwide population-based study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 54:545–551. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Ballard S, Bolan M, Burton M, Snyder S, Pasterczyk-Seabolt C and Martin D: The neurological basis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Adolescence. 32:855–862. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

9 

Banerjee TD, Middleton F and Faraone SV: Environmental risk factors for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Acta Paediatr. 96:1269–1274. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Min JY and Min KB: Exposure to ambient PM10 and NO2 and the incidence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in childhood. Environ Int. 99:221–227. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Mortamais M, Pujol J, van Drooge BL, Macià D, Martinez-Vilavella G, Reynes C, Sabatier R, Rivas I, Grimalt J, Forns J, et al: Effect of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on basal ganglia and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in primary school children. Environ Int. 105:12–19. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Yorifuji T, Kashima S, Diez MH, Kado Y, Sanada S and Doi H: Prenatal exposure to outdoor air pollution and child behavioral problems at school age in Japan. Environ Int. 99:192–198. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Markevych I, Tesch F, Datzmann T, Romanos M, Schmitt J and Heinrich J: Outdoor air pollution, greenspace, and incidence of ADHD: A semi-individual study. Sci Total Environ. 642:1362–1368. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Myhre O, Låg M, Villanger GD, Oftedal B, Øvrevik J, Holme JA, Aase H, Paulsen RE, Bal-Price A and Dirven H: Early life exposure to air pollution particulate matter (PM) as risk factor for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Need for novel strategies for mechanisms and causalities. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 354:196–214. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Aghaei M, Janjani H, Yousefian F, Jamal A and Yunesian M: Association between ambient gaseous and particulate air pollutants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children; a systematic review. Environ Res. 173:135–156. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Ha S, Yeung E, Bell E, Insaf T, Ghassabian A, Bell G, Muscatiello N and Mendola P: Prenatal and early life exposures to ambient air pollution and development. Environ Res. 174:170–175. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Weiland SK, Hüsing A, Strachan DP, Rzehak P and Pearce N: ISAAC Phase One Study Group. Climate and the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic eczema in children. Occup Environ Med. 61:609–615. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Braun JM, Kahn RS, Froehlich T, Auinger P and Lanphear BP: Exposures to environmental toxicants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in U.S. children. Environ Health Perspect. 114:1904–1909. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In: Carbon monoxide (CO) Pollution in Outdoor Air. 2016.

20 

Seguel JM, Merrill R, Seguel D and Campagna AC: Indoor air quality. Am J Lifestyle Med. 11:284–295. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Perera FP, Li Z, Whyatt R, Hoepner L, Wang S, Camann D and Rauh V: Prenatal airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and child IQ at age 5 years. Pediatrics. 124:e195–e202. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Perera FP, Wang S, Vishnevetsky J, Zhang B, Cole KJ, Tang D, Rauh V and Phillips DH: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-aromatic DNA adducts in cord blood and behavior scores in New York city children. Environ Health Perspect. 119:1176–1181. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Newman NC, Ryan P, Lemasters G, Levin L, Bernstein D, Hershey GK, Lockey JE, Villareal M, Reponen T, Grinshpun S, et al: Traffic-related air pollution exposure in the first year of life and behavioral scores at 7 years of age. Environ Health Perspect. 121:731–736. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Highmark Foundation eTools Schools-Demographic Characteristics (Dataset). eTools: InnerLink, Lancaster, PA, 2011.

25 

YoussefAgha AH, Jayawardene WP, Lohrmann DK and El Afandi GS: Air pollution indicators predict outbreaks of asthma exacerbations among elementary school children: Integration of daily environmental and school health surveillance systems in Pennsylvania. J Environ Monit. 14:3202–3210. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Youssefagha AH, Lohrmann DK, Jayawardene WP and El Afandi GS: Upper-air observation indicators predict outbreaks of asthma exacerbations among elementary school children: Integration of daily environmental and school health surveillance systems in Pennsylvania. J Asthma. 49:464–473. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Jayawardene WP, Youssefagha AH, Lohrmann DK and El Afandi GS: Prediction of asthma exacerbations among children through integrating air pollution, upper atmosphere, and school health surveillances. Allergy Asthma Proc. 34:e1–e8. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences. School District Demographic System-Map Viewer. 2012.

29 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Pre-Generated Data Files. 2016.

30 

Smith RL, Davis JM, Sacks J, Speckman P and Styer P: Regression models for air pollution and daily mortality: Analysis of data from Birmingham, Alabama. Environmetrics. 11:719–743. 2000.

31 

Froehlich TE, Lanphear BP, Auinger P, Hornung R, Epstein JN, Braun J and Kahn RS: Association of tobacco and lead exposures with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 124:e1054–e1063. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Forns J, Dadvand P, Foraster M, Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Rivas I, López-Vicente M, Suades-Gonzalez E, Garcia-Esteban R, Esnaola M, Cirach M, et al: Traffic-related air pollution, noise at school, and behavioral problems in barcelona schoolchildren: A cross-sectional study. Environ Health Perspect. 124:529–535. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Fuertes E, Standl M, Forns J, Berdel D, Garcia-Aymerich J, Markevych I, Schulte-Koerne G, Sugiri D, Schikowski T, Tiesler CM and Heinrich J: Traffic-related air pollution and hyperactivity/inattention, dyslexia and dyscalculia in adolescents of the German GINIplus and LISAplus birth cohorts. Environ Int. 97:85–92. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Ballinger GA: Using generalized estimating equations for longitudinal data analysis. Organ Res Methods. 7:127–150. 2004.

35 

US Department of Education (DoE) IoES, National Center for Education Statistics. Search for Public Schools. CCD Public school data, 2013-2015.

36 

Pennsylvania General Assembly. Crimes and Offenses Title 18. 1998.

37 

Gong T, Almqvist C, Bölte S, Lichtenstein P, Anckarsäter H, Lind T, Lundholm C and Pershagen G: Exposure to air pollution from traffic and neurodevelopmental disorders in Swedish twins. Twin Res Hum Genet. 17:553–562. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In: Particulate Matter (PM) Pollution. 2016.

39 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In: Criteria Air Pollutants. 2020.

40 

Rowland AS, Lesesne CA and Abramowitz AJ: The epidemiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A public health view. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 8:162–170. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Kim-Cohen J, Caspi A, Taylor A, Williams B, Newcombe R, Craig IW and Moffitt TE: MAOA, maltreatment, and gene-environment interaction predicting children's mental health: New evidence and a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 11:903–913. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Biederman J, Milberger S, Faraone SV, Guite J and Warburton R: Associations between childhood asthma and ADHD: Issues of psychiatric comorbidity and familiality. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 33:842–848. 1994.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Biederman J, Milberger S, Faraone SV, Kiely K, Guite J, Mick E, Ablon S, Warburton R and Reed E: Family-environment risk factors for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. A test of Rutter's indicators of adversity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 52:464–470. 1995.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Pressman LJ, Loo SK, Carpenter EM, Asarnow JR, Lynn D, McCracken JT, MCGough JJ, Lubke GH, Yang MH and Smalley SL: Relationship of family environment and parental psychiatric diagnosis to impairment in ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 45:346–354. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Schroeder VM and Kelley ML: Associations between family environment, parenting practices, and executive functioning of children with and without ADHD. J Child Fam Stud. 10:227–235. 2009.

46 

Hechtman L: Treatment of ADHD in patients unresponsive to methylphenidate. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 36(216)2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Ben Amor L, Sikirica V, Cloutier M, Lachaine J, Guerin A, Carter V, Hodgkins P and van Stralen J: Combination and switching of stimulants in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in quebec. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 23:157–166. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

48 

Kian N, Samieefar N and Rezaei N: Prenatal risk factors and genetic causes of ADHD in children. World J Pediatr. 18:308–319. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Froehlich TE, Anixt JS, Loe IM, Chirdkiatgumchai V, Kuan L and Gilman RC: Update on environmental risk factors for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 13:333–344. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Turgay A and Ansari R: Major depression with ADHD: In children and adolescents. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 3:20–32. 2006.PubMed/NCBI

51 

Zanobetti A and Peters A: Disentangling interactions between atmospheric pollution and weather. J Epidemiol Community Health. 69:613–615. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Saadeh RA, Jayawardene WP, Lohrmann DK, Youssefagha AH and Allouh MZ: Air pollutants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication administration in elementary schools. Biomed Rep 17: 85, 2022.
APA
Saadeh, R.A., Jayawardene, W.P., Lohrmann, D.K., Youssefagha, A.H., & Allouh, M.Z. (2022). Air pollutants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication administration in elementary schools. Biomedical Reports, 17, 85. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2022.1568
MLA
Saadeh, R. A., Jayawardene, W. P., Lohrmann, D. K., Youssefagha, A. H., Allouh, M. Z."Air pollutants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication administration in elementary schools". Biomedical Reports 17.5 (2022): 85.
Chicago
Saadeh, R. A., Jayawardene, W. P., Lohrmann, D. K., Youssefagha, A. H., Allouh, M. Z."Air pollutants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication administration in elementary schools". Biomedical Reports 17, no. 5 (2022): 85. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2022.1568
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Saadeh RA, Jayawardene WP, Lohrmann DK, Youssefagha AH and Allouh MZ: Air pollutants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication administration in elementary schools. Biomed Rep 17: 85, 2022.
APA
Saadeh, R.A., Jayawardene, W.P., Lohrmann, D.K., Youssefagha, A.H., & Allouh, M.Z. (2022). Air pollutants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication administration in elementary schools. Biomedical Reports, 17, 85. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2022.1568
MLA
Saadeh, R. A., Jayawardene, W. P., Lohrmann, D. K., Youssefagha, A. H., Allouh, M. Z."Air pollutants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication administration in elementary schools". Biomedical Reports 17.5 (2022): 85.
Chicago
Saadeh, R. A., Jayawardene, W. P., Lohrmann, D. K., Youssefagha, A. H., Allouh, M. Z."Air pollutants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication administration in elementary schools". Biomedical Reports 17, no. 5 (2022): 85. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2022.1568
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team