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Sleep apnea syndrome associated with gonadal hormone imbalance (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Cristian Cojocaru
    • Elena Cojocaru
    • Luiza-Simona Pohaci‑Antonesei
    • Catalin-Alexandru Pohaci‑Antonesei
    • Stefan Dumitrache‑Rujinski
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Medical III, Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania, Department of Morpho‑Functional Sciences II, Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania, Department of Cardiothoracic Pathology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050471 Bucharest, Romania
    Copyright: © Cojocaru et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 101
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    Published online on: October 25, 2023
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2023.1683
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Abstract

Patients with obstructive sleep apnea exhibit an increased risk of developing gonadal disorders. Because a notable number of people worldwide have sleep respiratory and reproductive disorders, it is essential to recognize the association between local upper airway dysfunction and its gonadal effects. Repeated breathing pauses cause sleep fragmentation, disorganization of sleep cycles and stages, sympathetic activation, intermittent hypoxemia and systemic inflammation. Nocturnal intermittent hypoxemia has a direct central effect on neurotransmitters, with disturbances in the normal production of hypothalamic‑pituitary hormones. Awakenings and micro‑awakenings at the end of apneic episodes produce a central stress responsible for hormonal changes and subsequent endocrine imbalances. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) on gonadal hormonal homeostasis and its consequences. Recognizing and understanding how local upper airway dysfunction causes gonadal imbalance may facilitate better care for patients with OSAS. Although there may be a direct relationship between sleep‑disordered breathing and gonadal function mediated by hormones via the hypothalamic-pituitary‑gonadal axis, to date, current therapies have not been effective.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Cojocaru C, Cojocaru E, Pohaci‑Antonesei L, Pohaci‑Antonesei C and Dumitrache‑Rujinski S: Sleep apnea syndrome associated with gonadal hormone imbalance (Review). Biomed Rep 19: 101, 2023.
APA
Cojocaru, C., Cojocaru, E., Pohaci‑Antonesei, L., Pohaci‑Antonesei, C., & Dumitrache‑Rujinski, S. (2023). Sleep apnea syndrome associated with gonadal hormone imbalance (Review). Biomedical Reports, 19, 101. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2023.1683
MLA
Cojocaru, C., Cojocaru, E., Pohaci‑Antonesei, L., Pohaci‑Antonesei, C., Dumitrache‑Rujinski, S."Sleep apnea syndrome associated with gonadal hormone imbalance (Review)". Biomedical Reports 19.6 (2023): 101.
Chicago
Cojocaru, C., Cojocaru, E., Pohaci‑Antonesei, L., Pohaci‑Antonesei, C., Dumitrache‑Rujinski, S."Sleep apnea syndrome associated with gonadal hormone imbalance (Review)". Biomedical Reports 19, no. 6 (2023): 101. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2023.1683
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Cojocaru C, Cojocaru E, Pohaci‑Antonesei L, Pohaci‑Antonesei C and Dumitrache‑Rujinski S: Sleep apnea syndrome associated with gonadal hormone imbalance (Review). Biomed Rep 19: 101, 2023.
APA
Cojocaru, C., Cojocaru, E., Pohaci‑Antonesei, L., Pohaci‑Antonesei, C., & Dumitrache‑Rujinski, S. (2023). Sleep apnea syndrome associated with gonadal hormone imbalance (Review). Biomedical Reports, 19, 101. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2023.1683
MLA
Cojocaru, C., Cojocaru, E., Pohaci‑Antonesei, L., Pohaci‑Antonesei, C., Dumitrache‑Rujinski, S."Sleep apnea syndrome associated with gonadal hormone imbalance (Review)". Biomedical Reports 19.6 (2023): 101.
Chicago
Cojocaru, C., Cojocaru, E., Pohaci‑Antonesei, L., Pohaci‑Antonesei, C., Dumitrache‑Rujinski, S."Sleep apnea syndrome associated with gonadal hormone imbalance (Review)". Biomedical Reports 19, no. 6 (2023): 101. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2023.1683
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