Open Access

Effect of animal venom toxins on the main links of the homeostasis of mammals (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Ruzhena Matkivska
    • Inha Samborska
    • Oleksandr Maievskyi
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: December 7, 2023     https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2023.1704
  • Article Number: 16
  • Copyright: © Matkivska et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

The human body is affected by environmental factors. The dynamic balance between the organism and its environment results from the influence of natural, anthropogenic and social aspects. The factors of exogenous origin determine development of adaptive changes. The present article summarises the mechanisms of animal venom toxins and homeostasis disruption in the body of mammals. The mechanisms underlying pathological changes are associated with shifts in biochemical reactions. Components of the immune, nervous and endocrine systems are key in the host defense and adaptation processes in response to venom by triggering signalling pathways (PI3kinase pathway, arachidonic acid cascade). Animal venom toxins initiate the development of inflammatory processes, the synthesis of pro‑inflammatory mediators (cytokines), ROS, proteolytic enzymes, activate the migration of leukocytes and macrophages. Keratinocytes and endothelial cells act as protective barriers under the action of animal venom toxins on the body of mammals. In addition, the formation of pores in cell membranes, structural changes in cell ion channels are characteristic of the action of animal venom toxins.
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February-2024
Volume 20 Issue 2

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Spandidos Publications style
Matkivska R, Samborska I and Maievskyi O: Effect of animal venom toxins on the main links of the homeostasis of mammals (Review). Biomed Rep 20: 16, 2024
APA
Matkivska, R., Samborska, I., & Maievskyi, O. (2024). Effect of animal venom toxins on the main links of the homeostasis of mammals (Review). Biomedical Reports, 20, 16. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2023.1704
MLA
Matkivska, R., Samborska, I., Maievskyi, O."Effect of animal venom toxins on the main links of the homeostasis of mammals (Review)". Biomedical Reports 20.2 (2024): 16.
Chicago
Matkivska, R., Samborska, I., Maievskyi, O."Effect of animal venom toxins on the main links of the homeostasis of mammals (Review)". Biomedical Reports 20, no. 2 (2024): 16. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2023.1704