Antibacterial and antioxidant activities in various parts of <em>Artocarpus</em> <em>lacucha</em> Buch. Ham. ethanolic extract

Pertiwi,Dewi; Hartati,Rika; Julianti,Elin; Fidrianny,Irda

doi:10.3892/br.2024.1755

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities in various parts of Artocarpus lacucha Buch. Ham. ethanolic extract

Authors:
- Dewi Pertiwi
- Rika Hartati
- Elin Julianti
- Irda Fidrianny
View Affiliations

Affiliations: Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, West Java 40132, Indonesia, Department of Pharmacochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, West Java 40132, Indonesia
Published online on: February 23, 2024 https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2024.1755
Article Number: 66
Copyright: © Pertiwi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )

Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )

Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

Abstract

Artocarpus lacucha is an endemic plant to North Sumatera, Indonesia. This plant has pharmacological activities, including acting as an antioxidant and antibacterial. The aim of the present study was to analyze the antibacterial and antioxidant activities, and determine the flavonoid compounds from four parts of A. lachuca, namely leaves, barks, twigs and fruits. Antioxidant activity was investigated using the 2,2‑diphenyl 1‑picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methods. Antibacterial activity was analyzed using disk diffusion and microdilution methods. Several flavonoids, such as luteolin‑7‑O‑glucoside, rutin, quercetin, kaempferol and apigenin, were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Based on the antioxidant activity test results using the DPPH method, the bark ethanolic extract provided the highest antioxidant capacity, while the CUPRAC method indicated that the twig ethanolic extract had the highest antioxidant capacity. The antibacterial activity test results demonstrated that at a low concentration of 750 µg/disk the bark ethanolic extract obtained the highest inhibition zone and minimum inhibitory concentration level against six of nine pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, A. lachuca bark ethanolic extract could be potentially developed as antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

View Figures

View References

1	Sofowora A, Ogunbodede E and Onayade A: The role and place of medicinal plants in the strategies for disease prevention. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 10:210–229. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
2	Giday K, Lenaerts L, Gebrehiwot K, Yirga G, Verbist B and Muys B: Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants from degraded dry afromontane forest in northern Ethiopia: Species, uses and conservation challenges. J Herb Med. 6:96–104. 2016.
3	Kpodar MS, Lawson-Evi P, Bakoma B, Eklu-Gadegbeku K, Agbonon A, Aklikokou K and Gbeassor M: Ethnopharma-cological survey of plants used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in south of Togo (Maritime Region). J Herb Med. 5:147–152. 2015.
4	Shikov AN, Pozharitskaya ON, Makarov VG, Wagner H, Verpoorte R and Heinrich M: Medicinal plants of the Russian pharmacopoeia; their history and applications. J Ethnopharmacol. 154:481–536. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
5	Puntumchai A, Kittakoop P, Rajviroongit S, Vimuttipong S, Likhitwitayawuid K and Thebtaranonth Y: Lakoochins A and B, new antimycobacterial stilbene derivatives from Artocarpus lakoocha. J Nat Prod. 67:485–486. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
6	Islam S, Shajib MS, Rashid RB, Khan MF, Al-Mansur MA, Datta BK and Rashid MA: Antinociceptive activities of Artocarpus lacucha Buch-ham (Moraceae) and its isolated phenolic compound, catechin, in mice. BMC Complement Altern Med. 19(214)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
7	Gautam P and Patel R: Artocapus lakoocha Roxb: An overview. Eur J Compl Integr Med. 1:10–11. 2014.
8	Songoen W, Phanchai W, Brecker L, Wenisch D, Jakupec W, Pluempanupat W and Schinnerl J: Highly aromatic flavan-3-ol derivatives from palaeotropical Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham possess radical scavenging and antiproliferative properties. Molecules. 26(1078)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
9	Thakur R, Yadav K and Khadka KB: Study of antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of cinnamon (Cinamomum tamala), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and turmeric (Curcuma longa). Am J Life Sci. 1:173–277. 2013.
10	Al-Rifai A, Aqel A, Al-Warhi T, Wabaidur SM, Al-Othman ZA and Badjah-Hadj-Ahmed AY: Antibacterial, antioxidant activity of ethanolic plant extracts of some convolvulus species and their DART-ToF-MS profiling. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017(5694305)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
11	Song JM, Lee KH and Seong BL: Antiviral effect of catechins in green tea on influenza vírus. Antivir Res. 68:66–74. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
12	Cushnie TPT and Lamb AJ: Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 26:343–356. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
13	Da Silva MA, Cardoso CAL, Vilegas W and dos Santos LC: High-performance liquid chromatographic quantification of flavonoids in Eriocaulaceae species and their antimicrobial activity. Molecules. 14:4644–4654. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
14	Ferguson PJ, Kurowska E, Freeman DJ, Chambers AF and Koropatnick DJ: A flavonoid fraction from cranberry extract inhibits proliferation of human tumor cell lines. J Nutr. 134:1529–1535. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
15	Russo A, Cardile V, Sanchez F, Troncoso N, Vanella A and Garbarino JA: Chilean propolis: Antioxidant activity and antiproliferative action in human tumor cell lines. Life Sci. 76:545–558. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
16	Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A and Chandra N: Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev. 4:118–126. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
17	Halliwell B and Gutteridge JMC: Free radicals in biology & medicine. Fifth edition. Oxford University Press, 2015.
18	Rani V and Yadav UCS: Free radicals and human health and disease. Springers, 2015.
19	Zulaikhah ST: The role of antioxidant to prevent free radicals in the body. Sains Med. 8:39–45. 2017.
20	Kurutas EB: The importance of antioxidants which play the role in cellular response against oxidative/nitrosative stress: Current state. Nutr J. 15(71)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
21	Sharifi-Rad M, Anil Kumar NV, Zucca P, Varoni EM, Dini L, Panzarini E, Rajkovic J, Tsouh Fokou PV, Azzini E, Peluso I, et al: Lifestyle, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: back and forth in the pathophysiology of chronic diseases. Front Physiol. 11(694)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
22	Vona R, Pallota L, Cappelletti M, Severi C and Matarrese P: The impact of oxidative stress in human pathology: Focus on gastrointestinal disorders. Antioxidants (Basel). 10(201)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
23	Fransworth NR: Biological and phytochemical screening of plants. J Pharm Sci. 55:225–276. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
24	Pourmorad F, Hosseinimehr SJ and Shahabimajd N: Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected Iranian medicinal plants. Afr J Biotechnol. 5:1142–1145. 2006.
25	Chang CC, Yang MH, Wen HM and Chern JC: Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colometric methods. J Food Drug Anal. 10:178–182. 2002.
26	Celep E, Charehsaz M, Akyüz S, Acar ET and Yesilada E: Effect of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the bioavailability of phenolic components and the antioxidant potentials of some Turkish fruit wines. Food Res Int. 78:209–215. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
27	Ozyürek M, Bektaşoğlu B, Güçlü K, Güngör N and Apak R: Simultaneous total antioxidant capacity assay of lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants in the same acetone-water solution containing 2% methyl-cyclodextrin using the supric reducting antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) method. Anal Chim Acta. 630:28–39. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
28	Buddhisuharto AK, Pramastya H, Insanu M and Fidrianny I: An updated review of phytochemical compounds and pharmacology activities of Artocarpus genus. Biointerface Res Appl Chem. 11:14898–14905. 2021.
29	Magalhães LM, Segundo MA, Reis S and Lima JLFC: Methodological aspects about in vitro evaluation of antioxidant properties. Anal Chim Acta. 613:1–19. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
30	Karadag A, Ozcelik B and Saner S: Review of methods to determine antioxidant capacities. Food Anal Methods. 2:41–60. 2009.
31	Tsimogiannis DI and Oreopoulou V: The contribution of flavonoid C-ring on the DPPH free radical scavenging efficiency. A kinetic approach for the 3',4'-hydroxy substituted members. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. 7:140–146. 2006.
32	Platzer M, Kiese S, Tybussek T, Herfellner T, Schneider F, Schweiggert-Weisz U and Eisner P: Radical scavenging mechanisms of phenolic compounds: A quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) study. Front Nutr. 9(882458)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
33	Zunjar V, Mammen D and Trivedi BM: Antioxidant activities and phenolics profiling of different parts of Carica papaya by LCMS-MS. Nat Prod Res. 29:2097–2099. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
34	Rice-Evans CA, Miller NJ and Paganga G: Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Free Radic Biol Med. 20:933–956. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
35	Stanković MS, Stefanović O, Čomić L, Topuzović M, Radojević I and Solujić S: Antimicrobial activity, total phenolic content and flavonoid concentrations of Teucrium species. Cent Eur J Biol. 7:664–671. 2012.
36	Al-Abd NM, Nor ZM, Mansor M, Azhar F, Hasan MS and Kassim M: Antioxidant, antibacterial activity, and phytochemical characterization of Melaleuca cajuputi extract. BMC Complement Altern Med. 15(385)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
37	Islam ME, Parvin MS and Islam MR: Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of an ethanol extract of Syzygium jambos (L.) leaves. Drug Discov Ther. 6:205–211. 2012.PubMed/NCBI
38	Romulo A: The principle of some in vitro antioxidant activity methods: Review. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 426(012177)2020.
39	Dontha S: A review on antioxidant methods. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 9:14–32. 2016.
40	Munteanu IG and Apetrei C: Analytical methods used in determining antioxidant activity: A review. Int J Mol Sci. 22(3380)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
41	Siswanto , Setyawati B and Ernawati F: Role of several micro-substances in immunity. Nutr Eng. 36:57–64. 2013.
42	Pehlivan FE: Vitamin C: An antioxidant agent. In: Hamza AH (ed), Vitamin C. IntechOpen Croatia, pp23-35, 2017.
43	Schober P, Boer C and Schwarte LA: Correlation coefficients: Appropriate use and interpretation. Anesth Analg. 126:1763–1768. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
44	Gaweł-Bęben K, Kukula-Koch W, Hoian U and Czop M: Characterization of Cistus x incanus L. and Cistus ladanifer L. extracts as potential multifunctional antioxidant ingredients for skin protecting cosmetics. Antioxidants (Basel). 9(202)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
45	Miean KH and Mohamed S: Flavonoid (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin) content of edible tropical plants. J Agric Food Chem. 49:3106–3112. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
46	Devi M, Sunaryo MA and Mansoor A: Antioxidant analysis of Artocarpus heterophyllus drink. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 733(012087)2021.
47	Sharma A, Gupta P and Verma AK: Preliminary nutritional and biological potential of Artocarpus heterophyllus L. shell powder. J Food Sci Technol. 52:1339–1349. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
48	Jalal TK, Khan AYF, Natto HA, Rasad MSBA, Arifin Kaderi M, Mohammad M, Johan MF, Omar MN and Abdul Wahab R: Identification and quantification of quercetin, a major constituent of Artocarpus altilis by targeting related genes of apoptosis and cell cycle: In vitro cytotoxic activity against human lung carcinoma cell lines. Nutr Cancer. 71:792–805. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
49	Arriffin NM, Jamil S, Basar N, Khamis S, Abdullah SA and Lathiff SMA: Phytochemical studies and antioxidant activities of Artocarpus scortechinii King. Rec Nat Prod. 11:299–303. 2017.
50	Kečkeš S, Gašić U, Ćirković Veličković T, Milojković-Opsenica D, Natić M and Tešić Z: The determination of phenolic profiles of Serbian unifloral honeys using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/high resolution accurate mass spectrometry. Food Chem. 138:32–40. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
51	Tomás-Barberán FA, Martos I, Ferreres F, Radovic BS and Anklam E: HPLC flavonoid profiles as markers for the botanical origin of European unifloral honeys. J Sci Food Agric. 81:485–496. 2001.
52	Yao L, Datta N, Tomás-Barberán FA, Ferreres F, Martos I and Singanusong R: Flavonoids, phenolic acids and abscisic acid in Australian and New Zealand Leptospermum honeys. Food Chem. 81:159–168. 2003.
53	Mizzi L, Chatzitzika C, Gatt R and Valdramidis V: HPLC Analysis of phenolic compounds and flavonoids with overlapping peaks. Food Technol Biotechnol. 58:12–19. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
54	Eve A, Aliero AA, Nalubiri D, Adeyemo RO, Akinola SA, Pius T, Nabaasa S, Nabukeera S, Alkali B and Ntulume I: In vitro antibacterial activity of crude extracts of Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds against selected diarrhoea-causing superbug bacteria. ScientificWorldJournal. 2020(9813970)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
55	Kamal T, Muzammil A and Nor Oma M: Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Artocarpus altilis on pathogenic microorganisms. Sci Ser Data Rep. 4:41–48. 2012.
56	Negi PS, Jayaprakasha GK and Jena BS: Antibacterial activity of the extracts from the fruit rinds of Garcinia cowa and Garcinia pedunculata against food borne pathogens and spoilage bacteria. LWT Food Sci Tech. 41:1857–1861. 2008.
57	Alonso R, Fernandez-Aranguiz A, Colom K, Herreras A and Cisterna R: Profile of bacterial isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility: Multicenter study using a one-day cut-off. Rev Esp Quimioter. 13:384–393. 2002.PubMed/NCBI(In Spanish).
58	Huyut Z, Beydemir Ş and Gülçin İ: Antioxidant and antiradical properties of selected flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Biochem Res Int. 2017(7616791)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
59	Ziarno M, Kozłowska M, Ścibisz I, Kowalczyk M, Pawelec S, Stochmal A and Szleszyński B: The effect of selected herbal extracts on lactic acid bacteria activity. Appl Sci. 11(3898)2021.
60	Kozłowska M, Ścibisz I, Zaręba D and Ziarno M: Antioxidant properties and effect on lactic acid bacterial growth of spice extracts. Cyta J Food. 13:573–577. 2015.
61	War AR, Paulraj MG, Ahmad T, Buhroo AA, Hussain B, Ignacimuthu S and Sharma HC: Mechanisms of plant defense against insect herbivores. Plant Signal Behav. 7:1306–1320. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
62	Onofrejová L, Vašíčková J, Klejdus B, Stratil P, Misurcová L, Krácmar S, Kopecký J and Vacek J: Bioactive phenols in algae: The application of pressurized-liquid and solid-phase extraction techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 51:464–470. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
63	Dai J and Mumper RJ: Plant phenolics: Extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules. 15:7313–7352. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
64	Maadane A, Merghoub N, Ainane T, El Arroussi H, Benhima R, Amzazi S, Bakri Y and Wahby I: Antioxidant activity of some Moroccan marine microalgae: Pufa profiles, carotenoids and phenolic content. J Biotechnol. 215:13–19. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
65	Mehmood A, Javid S, Khan MF, Ahmad KS and Mustafa A: In vitro total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of selected medicinal plants using different solvent systems. BMC Chem. 16(64)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
66	Kozłowska M, Żbikowska A, Szpicer A and Półtorak A: Oxidative stability of lipid fractions of sponge-fat cakes after green tea extracts application. J Food Sci Technol. 56:2628–2638. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
67	Kozłowska M, Zbikowska A, Marciniak-Lukasiak K and Kowalska M: Herbal extracts incorporated into shortbread cookies: Impact on color and fat quality of the cookies. Biomolecules. 9(858)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
68	Kozłowska M, Ścibisz I, Przybył JL, Laudy AE, Majewska E, Tarnowska K, Małajowicz J and Ziarno M: Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of extracts from selected plant material. Appl Sci. 12(9871)2022.
69	O'Sullivan AM, O'Callaghan YC, O'Grady MN, Queguineur B, Hannify D, Troy DJ, Kerry JP and O'Brien NM: In vitro and cellular antioxidant activities of seaweed extracts prepared from five brown seaweeds harvested in spring from the west coast of Ireland. Food Chem. 126:1064–1070. 2011.
70	Minhas AK, Hodgson P, Barrow CJ and Adholeya A: A review on the assessment of stress conditions for simultaneous production of microalga lipids and carotenoids. Front Microbiol. 7(546)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
71	Hernández I, Alegre L, Van Breusegem F and Munné-Bosch S: How relevant are flavonoids as antioxidants in plants? Trends Plant Sci. 14:125–132. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
72	Nijveldt RJ, Van Nood EL, Van Hoorn DE, Boelens PG, Van Norren K and Van Leeuwen PA: Flavonoids: A review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications. Am J Clin Nutr. 74:418–425. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
73	Korkina LG and Afanas'ev IB: Antioxidant and chelating properties of flavonoids. Adv Pharmacol. 38:151–163. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
74	Alqahtani AS, Ullah R and Shahat AA: Bioactive constituents and toxicological evaluation of selected antidiabetic medicinal plants of Saudi Arabia. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022(7123521)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
75	Shahidi F and Yeo J: Bioactivities of phenolics by focusing on suppression of chronic diseases: A review. Int J Mol Sci. 19(1573)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
76	Ullah R, Alsaid MS, Shahat AA, Nasher AA, Al-mishary AA, Adnan M and Tariq A: Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of methanolic extracts of Zilla spinosa and Hammada elegans against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Open Chem. 16:133–140. 2018.
77	Pagare S, Bhatia M, Tripathi N, Pagare S and Bansal YK: Secondary metabolites of plants and their role: Overview. Curr Trends Biotechnol Pharm. 9:293–304. 2015.
78	Sarker U, Oba S, Ercisli S, Assouguem A, Alotaibi A and Ullah R: Bioactive phytochemicals and quenching activity of radicals in selected drought-resistant Amaranthus tricolor vegetable amaranth. Antioxidants (Basel). 11(578)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
79	Murray RK, Granner DK and Roadwel VW: Harper's Illustrated. Biochemistry. In: Wulandari N, Randy L, Dwijayanti L, Liena Dany F and Rachman LY (eds). Harper Biochemistry. 27th edition. Jakarta: EGC, 2009.
80	Shahidi F, Alasalvar C and Liyana-Pathirana CM: Antioxidant phytochemicals in hazelnut kernel (Corylus avellana L.) and hazelnut byproducts. J Agric Food Chem. 55:1212–1220. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
81	Yoon J, Ham H, Sung J, Kim Y, Choi Y, Lee JS, Jeong HS, Lee J and Kim D: Black rice extract protected HepG2 cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death via ERK1/2 and Akt activation. Nutr Res Pract. 8:125–131. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
82	Huang D, Ou B and Prior RL: The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. J Agric Food Chem. 53:1841–1856. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
83	Serafini M, Bugianesi R, Maiani G, Valtuena S, De Santis S and Crozier A: Plasma antioxidants from chocolate. Nature. 424(1013)2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
84	Ullah R and Alqahtani AS: GC-MS analysis, heavy metals, biological, and toxicological evaluation of Reseda muricata and Marrubium vulgare methanol extracts. Evid based Complement Altern Med. 2022(2284328)2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
85	Silva NCC and Fernandes Júnior A: Biological properties of medicinal plants: A review of their antimicrobial activity. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis. 16:402–413. 2010.
86	Bouarab-Chibane L, Forquet V, Lantéri P, Clément Y, Léonard-Akkari L, Oulahal N, Degraeve P and Bordes C: Antibacterial properties of polyphenols: Characterization and QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationship) models. Front Microbiol. 10(829)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
87	Kočevar Glavač N and Lunder M: Preservative efficacy of selected antimicrobials of natural origin in a cosmetic emulsion. Int J Cosmet Sci. 40:276–284. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
88	Jirakitticharoen S, Wisuitiprot W, Jitareerat P and Wongs-Aree C: Phenolics, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of immature and mature Blumea balsamifera leaf extracts eluted with different solvents. J Trop Med. 2022:1–12. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
89	Naqvi SAR, Nadeem S, Komal S, Naqvi SAA, Mubarik MS, Qureshi SY, Ahmad S, Abbas S, Zahid M, Khan NUH, et al: Antioxidants: Natural antibiotics. Antioxidants. 2019:1–17. 2019.
90	Kuete V: Potential of Cameroonian plants and derived products against microbial infections: A review. Planta Med. 76:1479–1491. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
91	Thuille N, Fille M and Nagl M: Bactericidal activity of herbal extracts. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 206:217–221. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
92	Tsai PJ, Tsai TH and Ho SC: In vitro inhibitory effects of rosemary extracts on growth and glucosyltransferase activity of Streptococcus sobrinus. Food Chem. 105:311–316. 2007.
93	Mostafa AA, Al-Askar AA, Almaary KS, Dawoud TM, Sholkamy EN and Bakri MM: Antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts against bacterial strains causing food poisoning diseases. Saudi J Biol Sci. 25:361–366. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
94	Gonemali DF, Lin J, Miao W, Xuan J, Charles F, Chen M and Hatab SR: Antimicrobial properties and mechanism of action of some plant extracts against food pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. Front Microbiol. 9(1639)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
95	Ouchari L, Boukeskasse A, Bouizgarne B and Ouhdouch Y: Antimicrobial potential of actinomycetes isolated from the unexplored hot Merzouga desert and their taxonomic diversity. Biol Open. 8(bio035410)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
96	Eloff JN: Avoiding pitfalls in determining antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and publishing the results. BMC Complement Altern Med. 19(106)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
97	Khameneh B, Iranshahy M, Soheili V and Fazly Bazzaz BS: Review on plant antimicrobials: A mechanistic viewpoint. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 8(118)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
98	Radji M: Microbiology textbook: Guide for pharmacy and medical students. EGC, Jakarta, pp179-199, 2011.
99	Kapoor G, Saigal S and Elongavan A: Action and resistance mechanisms of antibiotics: A guide for clinicians. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 33:300–305. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
100	Reygaert WC: An overview of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of bacteria. AIMS Microbiol. 4:482–501. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
101	Pandey A and Bhatnagar SP: Preliminary phytochemical screening and antimicrobial studies on Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. Anc Sci Life. 28:21–24. 2009.PubMed/NCBI
102	Jagtap UB and Bapat VA: Artocarpus: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol. 129:142–166. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
103	Povichit N, Phrutivorapongkul A, Suttajit M and Leelapornpisid P: Antiglycation and antioxidant activities of oxyresveratrol extracted from the heartwood of Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. Maejo Int J Sci Technol. 4:454–461. 2010.
104	Sitorus P, Muhammad M, Satria D and Nasri : Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of ethanol extract of Artocarpus lacucha Buch-Ham leaves. Food Res. 7:360–364. 2023.