Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Biomedical Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2049-9434 Online ISSN: 2049-9442
Journal Cover
September-2024 Volume 21 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
September-2024 Volume 21 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Identification of cytokine signatures in HIV‑infected individuals with and without Mycobacterium tuberculosis co‑infection

  • Authors:
    • Agnes Rengga Indrati
    • Anton Sumarpo
    • Jane Haryanto
    • Ni Made Dwi Rosmiati
    • Shofa Munaya
    • Dewi Kartika Turbawaty
    • Rudi Wisaksana
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin Central Hospital, Bandung, West Java 40161, Indonesia, Division of Tropical and Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin Central Hospital, Bandung, West Java 40161, Indonesia
    Copyright: © Indrati et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 131
    |
    Published online on: July 10, 2024
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2024.1819
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are susceptible to immune system dysregulation, particularly during co‑infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Although there is an association between cytokine profiles and HIV‑MTB co‑infection, little is known about the cytokine‑related host immune response mechanism to HIV‑MTB co‑infection. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze expression of cytokines IL‑17A, IFN‑γ, TNF, IL‑2, IL‑10, IL‑6 and IL‑4 in individuals with HIV‑MTB co‑infection. A total of 30 patients with HIV and 40 with HIV‑MTB co‑infection were recruited into the present study, including those with active (A) (n=19) and latent (L)TB (n=21). HIV infection status was established based on national HIV guideline (Pedoman Nasional Pelayanan Kedokteran Tatalaksana HIV). ATB was confirmed using a positive acid‑fast bacillus staining and culture of sputum; LTB status was established using IFN‑γ release assay. Furthermore, the levels of cytokines IL‑17A, IFN‑γ, TNF, IL‑10, IL‑6, IL‑4 and IL‑2 were measured using flow cytometric bead array and CD4 cell count was performed by PIMA™ CD4 assay. IFN‑γ, TNF, IL‑10, IL‑6 and IL‑2 were able to significantly differentiate patients with HIV‑ATB from those with HIV‑LTB. Furthermore, in the patient subgroup with CD4 count <350 cells/µl, IFN‑γ, IL‑10 and IL‑6 were able to differentiate between patients with HIV‑ATB and HIV alone, as well as between patients with HIV‑ATB and HIV‑LTB. Based on these findings, the cytokine profiles are likely to be distinct between individuals with HIV infection with A‑ and LTB. Furthermore, the expression of CD4‑positive T cells may influence the immune response in the body under HIV‑MTB co‑infection.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

View References

1 

Gao L, Zhou F, Li X and Jin Q: HIV/TB co-infection in mainland China: A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 5(e10736)2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Pendse R, Gupta S, Yu D and Sarkar S: HIV/AIDS in the South-East Asia region: Progress and challenges. J Virus Erad. 2 (Suppl 4):S1–S6. 2016.PubMed/NCBI

3 

Mandal S, Bhatia V, Sharma M, Mandal PP and Arinaminpathy N: The potential impact of preventive therapy against tuberculosis in the WHO South-East Asian Region: A modelling approach. BMC Med. 18(163)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Bagcchi S: WHO's Global Tuberculosis Report 2022. Lancet Microbe. 4(e20)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Pawlowski A, Jansson M, Sköld M, Rottenberg ME and Källenius G: Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection. PLoS Pathog. 8(e1002464)2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Kusnanto K, Arifin H and Kurniawati Y: Determinant of BCG vaccine coverage among Indonesian children aged 0-2 months. Child Youth Serv Rev. 116(105238)2020.

7 

Whittaker E, Nicol MP, Zar HJ, Tena-Coki NG and Kampmann B: Age-related waning of immune responses to BCG in healthy children supports the need for a booster dose of BCG in TB endemic countries. Sci Rep. 8(15309)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Reuter MA, Pombo C and Betts MR: Cytokine production and dysregulation in HIV pathogenesis: Lessons for development of therapeutics and vaccines. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 23:181–191. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Kaur R, Dhakad MS, Goyal R, Bhalla P and Dewan R: Study of TH1/TH2 Cytokine Profiles in HIV/AIDS Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital in India. J Med Microbiol Diagn. 5(214)2016.

10 

French MA, Cozzi-Lepri A, Arduino RC, Johnson M, Achhra AC and Landay A: INSIGHT SMART Study Group. Plasma levels of cytokines and chemokines and the risk of mortality in HIV-infected individuals: A case-control analysis nested in a large clinical trial. AIDS. 29:847–851. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Indrati AR, Sumarpo A, Atmadja P, Wisesa RR, Ghozali M, Judistiani RTD and Setiabudiawan B: Exploring alternative cytokines as potential biomarkers for latent tuberculosis infection in pregnant women. PLoS One. 17(e0270552)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Zeng G, Zhang G and Chen X: Th1 cytokines, true functional signatures for protective immunity against TB? Cell Mol Immunol. 15:206–215. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Lyadova IV and Panteleev AV: Th1 and Th17 cells in tuberculosis: Protection, pathology, and biomarkers. Mediators Inflamm. 2015(854507)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Chandra P, Grigsby SJ and Philips JA: Immune evasion and provocation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 20:750–766. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Nosik M, Ryzhov K, Rymanova I, Sobkin A, Kravtchenko A, Kuimova U, Pokrovsky V, Zverev V and Svitich O: Dynamics of plasmatic levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in HIV-infected individuals with M. Tuberculosis Co-infection. Microorganisms. 9(2291)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Murray LW, Satti I, Meyerowitz J, Jones M, Willberg CB, Ussher JE, Goedhals D, Hurst J, Phillips RE, McShane H, et al: Human immunodeficiency virus infection impairs Th1 and Th17 mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific T-Cell responses. J Infect Dis. 217:1782–1792. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Dawany N, Showe LC, Kossenkov AV, Chang C, Ive P, Conradie F, Stevens W, Sanne I, Azzoni L and Montaner LJ: Identification of a 251 gene expression signature that can accurately detect M. tuberculosis in patients with and without HIV co-infection. PLoS One. 9(e89925)2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Sharan R, Bucşan AN, Ganatra S, Paiardini M, Mohan M, Mehra S, Khader SA and Kaushal D: Chronic immune activation in TB/HIV Co-infection. Trends Microbiol. 28:619–632. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Sullivan ZA, Wong EB, Ndung'u T, Kasprowicz VO and Bishai WR: Latent and active tuberculosis infection increase immune activation in individuals Co-Infected with HIV. EBioMedicine. 2:334–340. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Del Amo J, Malin AS, Pozniak A and De Cock KM: Does tuberculosis accelerate the progression of HIV disease? Evidence from basic science and epidemiology. AIDS. 13:1151–1158. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Appay V and Sauce D: Immune activation and inflammation in HIV-1 infection: Causes and consequences. J Pathol. 214:231–241. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Queiroz ATL, Araújo-Pereira M, Barreto-Duarte B, Gomes-Silva A, Costa AG, Andrade AMS, Miguez-Pinto JP, Spener-Gomes R, Souza AB, Benjamin A, et al: Immunologic biomarkers in peripheral blood of persons with tuberculosis and advanced HIV. Front Immunol. 13(890003)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Benjamin R, Banerjee A, Sunder SR, Gaddam S, Valluri VL and Banerjee S: Discordance in CD4+T-Cell Levels and Viral Loads with Co-Occurrence of Elevated Peripheral TNF-α and IL-4 in Newly Diagnosed HIV-TB Co-Infected Cases. PLoS One. 8(e70250)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Lungu P, Njelesani E, Sukwa T, Ngalamika O, Munsaka S, Kilembe W, Lakhi S and Mwaba P: Immune correlates of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis patients in Zambia stratified by HIV serostatus and level of immunity-a cross-sectional analytical laboratory based study. PLoS One. 17(e0262454)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Pollock KM, Montamat-Sicotte DJ, Grass L, Cooke GS, Kapembwa MS, Kon OM, Sampson RD, Taylor GP and Lalvani A: PD-1 expression and cytokine secretion profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific Cd4+ T-cell subsets; potential correlates of containment in HIV-TB co-infection. PLoS One. 11(e0146905)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Chiacchio T, Delogu G, Vanini V, Cuzzi G, De Maio F, Pinnetti C, Sampaolesi A, Antinori A and Goletti D: Immune characterization of the HBHA-specific response in mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected patients with or without HIV infection. PLoS One. 12(e0183846)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Duffy FJ, Thompson EG, Scriba TJ and Zak DE: Multinomial modelling of TB/HIV co-infection yields a robust predictive signature and generates hypotheses about the HIV+TB+ disease state. PLoS One. 14(e0219322)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Nursalam N, Sukartini T, Kuswanto H, Setyowati S, Mediarti D, Rosnani R, Pradipta RO, Ubudiyah M, Mafula D, Klankhajhon S and Arifin H: Investigation of discriminatory attitude toward people living with HIV in the family context using socio-economic factors and information sources: A nationwide study in Indonesia. PeerJ. 10(e13841)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Rudeeaneksin J, Srisungngam S, Klayut W, Bunchoo S, Bhakdeenuan P and Phetsuksiri B: QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus and QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-tube assays for detecting latent tuberculosis infection in Thai healthcare workers. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 65(e13)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

O'Garra A, Redford PS, McNab FW, Bloom CI, Wilkinson RJ and Berry MP: The Immune Response in Tuberculosis. Annu Rev Immunol. 31:475–527. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Nosik M, Belikova MG, Ryzhov K, Avdoshina D, Sobkin A, Zverev V and Svitich O: Unique profile of proinflammatory cytokines in plasma of drug-naïve individuals with advanced HIV/TB Co-Infection. Viruses. 15(1330)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Bruchfeld J, Correia-Neves M and Källenius G: Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 5(a017871)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Lahey T, Sheth S, Matee M, Arbeit R, Horsburgh CR, Mtei L, Mackenzie T, Bakari M, Vuola JM, Pallangyo K and von Reyn CF: Interferon γ responses to mycobacterial antigens protect against subsequent HIV-associated tuberculosis. J Infect Dis. 202:1265–1272. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Tadokera R, Meintjes G, Skolimowska KH, Wilkinson KA, Matthews K, Seldon R, Chegou NN, Maartens G, Rangaka MX, Rebe K, et al: Hypercytokinaemia accompanies HIV-tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Eur Respir J. 37:1248–1259. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Vrinceanu D, Dumitru M, Patrascu OM, Costache A, Papacocea T and Cergan R: Current diagnosis and treatment of rhinosinusal aspergilloma (Review). Exp Ther Med. 22(1264)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Indrati AR, Sumarpo A, Haryanto J, Rosmiati NM, Munaya S, Turbawaty DK and Wisaksana R: Identification of cytokine signatures in HIV‑infected individuals with and without <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> co‑infection. Biomed Rep 21: 131, 2024.
APA
Indrati, A.R., Sumarpo, A., Haryanto, J., Rosmiati, N.M., Munaya, S., Turbawaty, D.K., & Wisaksana, R. (2024). Identification of cytokine signatures in HIV‑infected individuals with and without <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> co‑infection. Biomedical Reports, 21, 131. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2024.1819
MLA
Indrati, A. R., Sumarpo, A., Haryanto, J., Rosmiati, N. M., Munaya, S., Turbawaty, D. K., Wisaksana, R."Identification of cytokine signatures in HIV‑infected individuals with and without <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> co‑infection". Biomedical Reports 21.3 (2024): 131.
Chicago
Indrati, A. R., Sumarpo, A., Haryanto, J., Rosmiati, N. M., Munaya, S., Turbawaty, D. K., Wisaksana, R."Identification of cytokine signatures in HIV‑infected individuals with and without <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> co‑infection". Biomedical Reports 21, no. 3 (2024): 131. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2024.1819
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Indrati AR, Sumarpo A, Haryanto J, Rosmiati NM, Munaya S, Turbawaty DK and Wisaksana R: Identification of cytokine signatures in HIV‑infected individuals with and without <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> co‑infection. Biomed Rep 21: 131, 2024.
APA
Indrati, A.R., Sumarpo, A., Haryanto, J., Rosmiati, N.M., Munaya, S., Turbawaty, D.K., & Wisaksana, R. (2024). Identification of cytokine signatures in HIV‑infected individuals with and without <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> co‑infection. Biomedical Reports, 21, 131. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2024.1819
MLA
Indrati, A. R., Sumarpo, A., Haryanto, J., Rosmiati, N. M., Munaya, S., Turbawaty, D. K., Wisaksana, R."Identification of cytokine signatures in HIV‑infected individuals with and without <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> co‑infection". Biomedical Reports 21.3 (2024): 131.
Chicago
Indrati, A. R., Sumarpo, A., Haryanto, J., Rosmiati, N. M., Munaya, S., Turbawaty, D. K., Wisaksana, R."Identification of cytokine signatures in HIV‑infected individuals with and without <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> co‑infection". Biomedical Reports 21, no. 3 (2024): 131. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2024.1819
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team