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Article

Essential oil extract p‑cresol effect on Ca2+ signaling and its underlying mechanism in DBTRG‑05MG human glioblastoma cells

  • Authors:
    • Pin-Hao Chou
    • Chun-Lang Su
    • Shih-Hau Fu
    • Robert Schleip
    • Wei-Zhe Liang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Acupressure Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 717302, Taiwan, R.O.C., Chung Jen Junior College of Nursing, Health Science and Management, Chiayi 60077, Taiwan, R.O.C., European Rolfing Association, Medical Faculty of Ulm University, D‑89081 Ulm, Germany, Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, College of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Yanpu, Pingtung 907101, Taiwan, R.O.C.
  • Article Number: 80
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    Published online on: March 4, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.1958
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Abstract

The effect of para (p)‑cresol, an essential oil component, on calcium ion (Ca2+) signaling in human glioblastoma is unknown. The present study aimed to investigate how p‑cresol influences intracellular Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]i) and viability in DBTRG‑05MG human glioblastoma cells. Cells were treated with p‑cresol to assess its impact on cell viability and [Ca2+]i. Cell viability was evaluated using a WST‑1 assay. [Ca2+]i was measured using a fluorescence‑based Ca2+ indicator. Cells were loaded with the Ca2+‑sensitive dye (fura‑2), and fluorescence intensity was recorded before and after p‑cresol treatment to determine changes in [Ca2+]i. p‑Cresol induced concentration‑dependent increases in [Ca2+]i between 50 and 150 µM. At 50‑250 µM, p‑cresol triggered cell death; this effect was reversed by pretreating the cells with the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA‑AM. The removal of extracellular Ca2+ inhibited Ca2+ entry. p‑Cresol‑induced Ca2+ influx was confirmed by Mn2+‑induced quenching of fura‑2 fluorescence. Store‑operated Ca2+ channel modulators SKF96365 and 2‑aminoethoxydiphenyl borate and the protein kinase C inhibitor GF109203X inhibited p‑cresol‑induced Ca2+ entry, but voltage‑gated Ca2+ channel blocker nifedipine did not. Treatment with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitor thapsigargin in Ca2+‑free medium inhibited p‑cresol‑induced [Ca2+]i rises; conversely, treatment with p‑cresol decreased thapsigargin‑induced [Ca2+]i rises. Furthermore, phospholipase C (PLC) inhibition with U73122 abolished p‑cresol‑induced [Ca2+]i rises. In DBTRG‑05MG cells, p‑cresol triggered Ca2+‑associated cell death. The process involved the entry of Ca2+ through PKC‑regulated store‑operated Ca2+ channels and release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum, which depends on PLC. Additionally, BAPTA‑AM, which has Ca2+‑chelating properties, may be a promising compound in preventing p‑cresol‑induced cytotoxicity, a potential breakthrough in neurotoxic research in glioblastoma cell model.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Chou P, Su C, Fu S, Schleip R and Liang W: Essential oil extract p‑cresol effect on Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling and its underlying mechanism in DBTRG‑05MG human glioblastoma cells. Biomed Rep 22: 80, 2025.
APA
Chou, P., Su, C., Fu, S., Schleip, R., & Liang, W. (2025). Essential oil extract p‑cresol effect on Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling and its underlying mechanism in DBTRG‑05MG human glioblastoma cells. Biomedical Reports, 22, 80. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.1958
MLA
Chou, P., Su, C., Fu, S., Schleip, R., Liang, W."Essential oil extract p‑cresol effect on Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling and its underlying mechanism in DBTRG‑05MG human glioblastoma cells". Biomedical Reports 22.5 (2025): 80.
Chicago
Chou, P., Su, C., Fu, S., Schleip, R., Liang, W."Essential oil extract p‑cresol effect on Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling and its underlying mechanism in DBTRG‑05MG human glioblastoma cells". Biomedical Reports 22, no. 5 (2025): 80. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.1958
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Chou P, Su C, Fu S, Schleip R and Liang W: Essential oil extract p‑cresol effect on Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling and its underlying mechanism in DBTRG‑05MG human glioblastoma cells. Biomed Rep 22: 80, 2025.
APA
Chou, P., Su, C., Fu, S., Schleip, R., & Liang, W. (2025). Essential oil extract p‑cresol effect on Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling and its underlying mechanism in DBTRG‑05MG human glioblastoma cells. Biomedical Reports, 22, 80. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.1958
MLA
Chou, P., Su, C., Fu, S., Schleip, R., Liang, W."Essential oil extract p‑cresol effect on Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling and its underlying mechanism in DBTRG‑05MG human glioblastoma cells". Biomedical Reports 22.5 (2025): 80.
Chicago
Chou, P., Su, C., Fu, S., Schleip, R., Liang, W."Essential oil extract p‑cresol effect on Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling and its underlying mechanism in DBTRG‑05MG human glioblastoma cells". Biomedical Reports 22, no. 5 (2025): 80. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.1958
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