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Review Open Access

Molecular insights into T cell development, activation and signal transduction (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Isra Omar
    • Ahmed Alakhras
    • Samahir Mutwali
    • Moiz Bakhiet
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Almaarefa University, 11597 Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, TeleGeriatric Research Fellowship Program, Michigan State University, MI 48824, USA, Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Science, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 328, Kingdom of Bahrain
    Copyright: © Omar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 94
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    Published online on: April 7, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.1972
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Abstract

T cell modulation plays a fundamental role to adaptive and innate immunity, which aids the recognition and defense against pathogens while also maintaining self‑tolerance. Numerous molecular pathways participate in this process including thymic selection, T cell receptor and antigen‑presenting cells cross linkage, along with co‑stimulatory signaling cascades. The present review demonstrates a holistic analysis of various classic and novel mechanisms that govern T cell regulation and emerging therapeutic applications. Recent advancements have introduced novel roles in the journey of T cell modulation that can have a pivotal impact on the understanding of this process; for example, phase separation of the linker for activation of T cells, and the newer application of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in autoimmune diseases. While discoveries of proximal and distal signal transduction pathways have contributed to the comprehension of T cell anergy, cytokine‑mediated differentiation and the delicate balance between immune activation and tolerance, there are still unresolved debates about further molecular mechanisms. There are also still questions about the long‑term side effects of CAR‑T cell therapy. Deeper research and analysis are required to further aid the understanding and use of this novel therapeutic approach.
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Spandidos Publications style
Omar I, Alakhras A, Mutwali S and Bakhiet M: Molecular insights into T cell development, activation and signal transduction (Review). Biomed Rep 22: 94, 2025.
APA
Omar, I., Alakhras, A., Mutwali, S., & Bakhiet, M. (2025). Molecular insights into T cell development, activation and signal transduction (Review). Biomedical Reports, 22, 94. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.1972
MLA
Omar, I., Alakhras, A., Mutwali, S., Bakhiet, M."Molecular insights into T cell development, activation and signal transduction (Review)". Biomedical Reports 22.6 (2025): 94.
Chicago
Omar, I., Alakhras, A., Mutwali, S., Bakhiet, M."Molecular insights into T cell development, activation and signal transduction (Review)". Biomedical Reports 22, no. 6 (2025): 94. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.1972
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Omar I, Alakhras A, Mutwali S and Bakhiet M: Molecular insights into T cell development, activation and signal transduction (Review). Biomed Rep 22: 94, 2025.
APA
Omar, I., Alakhras, A., Mutwali, S., & Bakhiet, M. (2025). Molecular insights into T cell development, activation and signal transduction (Review). Biomedical Reports, 22, 94. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.1972
MLA
Omar, I., Alakhras, A., Mutwali, S., Bakhiet, M."Molecular insights into T cell development, activation and signal transduction (Review)". Biomedical Reports 22.6 (2025): 94.
Chicago
Omar, I., Alakhras, A., Mutwali, S., Bakhiet, M."Molecular insights into T cell development, activation and signal transduction (Review)". Biomedical Reports 22, no. 6 (2025): 94. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.1972
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