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Review Open Access

Pharmacological strategies for targeting biofilms in otorhinolaryngologic infections and overcoming antimicrobial resistance (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Maulana A. Empitu
    • Ika N. Kadariswantiningsih
    • Nadhirah Mohd Shakri
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java 60131, Indonesia, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia, Department of Otorhinolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
    Copyright: © Empitu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 95
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    Published online on: April 9, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.1973
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Abstract

Biofilm formation is a key factor in the persistence and recurrence of otorhinolaryngology (ORL) infections, driving antimicrobial resistance and treatment failure. Chronic conditions, such as rhinosinusitis, otitis media and tonsillitis, are linked to biofilm‑producing pathogens, forming protective extracellular matrices that shield bacteria from immune defenses and antibiotics. The present review explores emerging pharmacological strategies to disrupt biofilm integrity and improve treatment outcomes. Strategies such as quorum sensing inhibitors, antibiofilm peptides, enzymatic dispersal agents, and drug repurposing can potentially disrupt biofilms and counter‑resistance mechanisms. Furthermore, novel therapies (including nanotechnology‑based drug delivery systems, phage therapy and immunomodulation) offer innovative alternatives for managing biofilm‑associated infections. However, clinical implementation remains challenging. Future research should prioritize optimizing drug formulations, refining delivery techniques, and exploring synergistic combinations to enhance biofilm eradication. Implementing these innovative strategies can improve the management of chronic ORL infections, reducing recurrence rates and enhancing patient outcomes.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Empitu MA, Kadariswantiningsih IN and Shakri NM: Pharmacological strategies for targeting biofilms in otorhinolaryngologic infections and overcoming antimicrobial resistance (Review). Biomed Rep 22: 95, 2025.
APA
Empitu, M.A., Kadariswantiningsih, I.N., & Shakri, N.M. (2025). Pharmacological strategies for targeting biofilms in otorhinolaryngologic infections and overcoming antimicrobial resistance (Review). Biomedical Reports, 22, 95. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.1973
MLA
Empitu, M. A., Kadariswantiningsih, I. N., Shakri, N. M."Pharmacological strategies for targeting biofilms in otorhinolaryngologic infections and overcoming antimicrobial resistance (Review)". Biomedical Reports 22.6 (2025): 95.
Chicago
Empitu, M. A., Kadariswantiningsih, I. N., Shakri, N. M."Pharmacological strategies for targeting biofilms in otorhinolaryngologic infections and overcoming antimicrobial resistance (Review)". Biomedical Reports 22, no. 6 (2025): 95. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.1973
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Empitu MA, Kadariswantiningsih IN and Shakri NM: Pharmacological strategies for targeting biofilms in otorhinolaryngologic infections and overcoming antimicrobial resistance (Review). Biomed Rep 22: 95, 2025.
APA
Empitu, M.A., Kadariswantiningsih, I.N., & Shakri, N.M. (2025). Pharmacological strategies for targeting biofilms in otorhinolaryngologic infections and overcoming antimicrobial resistance (Review). Biomedical Reports, 22, 95. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.1973
MLA
Empitu, M. A., Kadariswantiningsih, I. N., Shakri, N. M."Pharmacological strategies for targeting biofilms in otorhinolaryngologic infections and overcoming antimicrobial resistance (Review)". Biomedical Reports 22.6 (2025): 95.
Chicago
Empitu, M. A., Kadariswantiningsih, I. N., Shakri, N. M."Pharmacological strategies for targeting biofilms in otorhinolaryngologic infections and overcoming antimicrobial resistance (Review)". Biomedical Reports 22, no. 6 (2025): 95. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.1973
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