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Article Open Access

Analysis of cell turnover in the macula densa through the normal aging process

  • Authors:
    • Marta Ortega‑Martínez
    • Yareth Gopar‑Cuevas
    • Karol García‑Aguilar
    • María-De-Lourdes Chávez‑Briones
    • Ivett Miranda‑Maldonado
    • Adriana Ancer‑Arellano
    • Jaime García‑Juárez
    • Jesús Ancer‑Rodríguez
    • Gilberto Jaramillo‑Rangel
  • View Affiliations

    Affiliations: Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, Mexico, Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, Mexico
  • Published online on: July 21, 2025     https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2033
  • Article Number: 155
  • Copyright: © Ortega‑Martínez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

The kidney undergoes changes during the lifespan of an individual, resulting in increased susceptibility to renal diseases in the elderly. The macula densa (MD) controls basic kidney functions, which deteriorate with aging. The present study for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, analyzed the relationship between cell proliferation and apoptosis (cell turnover) in the MD of mice through the normal aging process. Kidney specimens from CD1 mice aged 2, 6, 12, 18 or 24 months were fixed in neutral‑buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Tissue sections were immunostained to analyze cell proliferation, subjected to a TUNEL assay to evaluate apoptosis, or stained with hematoxylin and eosin to determine total cell number. A markedly dynamic cell turnover pattern was observed in the MD throughout the aging process, in which, when the number of proliferating cells increased, the number of apoptotic cells decreased and vice versa. However, there were no significant differences in the total cell number among the ages analyzed. Thus, other mechanisms may be involved in the deterioration of renal functions regulated by the MD in elderly people. Further research is required to determine these mechanisms, which could be the target of therapeutic strategies against age‑related kidney diseases in the future.
View Figures

Figure 1

Analysis of cell turnover in the MD
of 2-, 6-, 12-, 18- and 24-month-old mice. (A) Schematic of the MD
and adjacent structures in the kidney. (B) Tissue sections were
stained with hematoxylin and eosin to assess the total number of
cells. The arrow indicates a cell of the MD, while the arrowhead
indicates a cell of the thick ascending limb. (C) PCNA was detected
in proliferation analysis by immunohistochemistry. The arrow
indicates a proliferating cell (brown nucleus), while the arrowhead
indicates a non-proliferating cell (blue nucleus). (D) Apoptosis
was detected by in situ end-labeling of fragmented DNA using
the TUNEL assay. The arrow indicates an apoptotic cell (brown
nucleus), while the arrowhead indicates a non-apoptotic cell (blue
nucleus). (E) The number of MD cells undergoing proliferation in
mice at 24 months of age was scarce. The arrowheads indicate
non-proliferating MD cells (blue nuclei). The dotted arrow
indicates a proliferating tubular cell (brown nucleus). (F) The
number of MD cells undergoing apoptosis in mice at 24 months of age
was high. The arrows indicate apoptotic MD cells. Apoptosis was
also high in other tubular cells (dotted arrows, brown nuclei).
Mice in (B-D) belonged to the 6-month age group. Scale bar 20 µm.
MD, macula densa; PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen; TUNEL,
terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end
labeling method.

Figure 2

Analysis of cell proliferation and
apoptosis in the macula densa of 2-, 6-, 12-, 18- and 24-month-old
mice. (A) The number of cells undergoing proliferation in mice at 2
months of age was significantly lower than in mice at 6, 12 and 18
months of age (*P<0.001). Mice at 6 months of age had
a significantly higher number of proliferating cells than mice at
18 and 24 months of age (both †P<0.001), but this
number was significantly lower than in mice at 12 months of age
(†P=0.043). Mice at 12 months of age had a significantly
higher number of proliferating cells than mice at 18 and 24 months
of age (both §P<0.001). Finally, mice at 18 months of
age had a significantly higher number of proliferating cells than
mice at 24 months of age (‡P<0.001). (B) The number
of cells undergoing apoptosis in mice at 2 months of age was
significantly higher than in mice at 12 months of age
(*P=0.002). Values are expressed as the means ± 1
standard error. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and the Bonferroni
post hoc test. Results were considered statistically significant at
P<0.05. PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen; TUNEL,
terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end
labeling method.

Figure 3

Analysis of cell proliferation and
apoptosis in the macula densa-thick ascending limb of 2-, 6-, 12-,
18- and 24-month-old mice. (A) The number of cells undergoing
proliferation in mice at 2 months of age was significantly lower
than in mice at 6, 12 and 18 months of age *P<0.001).
Mice at 6 months of age had a significantly higher number of
proliferating cells than mice at 18 and 24 months of age (both
†P<0.001), but this number was significantly lower
than in mice at 12 months of age (†P=0.018). Mice at 12
months of age had a significantly higher number of proliferating
cells than mice at 18 and 24 months of age (both
§P<0.001). Finally, mice at 18 months of age had a
significantly higher number of proliferating cells than mice at 24
months of age (‡P<0.001). (B) The number of cells
undergoing apoptosis in mice at 2 months of age was significantly
higher than in mice at 12 months of age (*P=0.002).
Values are expressed as the means ± 1 standard error. Data were
analyzed using ANOVA and the Bonferroni post hoc test. Results were
considered statistically significant at P<0.05. PCNA,
proliferating cell nuclear antigen; TUNEL, terminal
deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling
method.

Figure 4

Analysis of total cell number in the
MD and MD-TAL of 2-, 6-, 12-, 18- and 24-month-old mice. There was
no significant difference in the number of total cells among the
analyzed ages in the (A) MD and in the (B) MD-TAL. Values are
expressed as the means ± 1 standard error. Data were analyzed using
ANOVA test. Results were considered statistically significant at
P<0.05. MD, macula densa; MD-TAL, macula densa-thick ascending
limb; BM, basement membrane.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Ortega‑Martínez M, Gopar‑Cuevas Y, García‑Aguilar K, Chávez‑Briones M, Miranda‑Maldonado I, Ancer‑Arellano A, García‑Juárez J, Ancer‑Rodríguez J and Jaramillo‑Rangel G: Analysis of cell turnover in the macula densa through the normal aging process. Biomed Rep 23: 155, 2025.
APA
Ortega‑Martínez, M., Gopar‑Cuevas, Y., García‑Aguilar, K., Chávez‑Briones, M., Miranda‑Maldonado, I., Ancer‑Arellano, A. ... Jaramillo‑Rangel, G. (2025). Analysis of cell turnover in the macula densa through the normal aging process. Biomedical Reports, 23, 155. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2033
MLA
Ortega‑Martínez, M., Gopar‑Cuevas, Y., García‑Aguilar, K., Chávez‑Briones, M., Miranda‑Maldonado, I., Ancer‑Arellano, A., García‑Juárez, J., Ancer‑Rodríguez, J., Jaramillo‑Rangel, G."Analysis of cell turnover in the macula densa through the normal aging process". Biomedical Reports 23.3 (2025): 155.
Chicago
Ortega‑Martínez, M., Gopar‑Cuevas, Y., García‑Aguilar, K., Chávez‑Briones, M., Miranda‑Maldonado, I., Ancer‑Arellano, A., García‑Juárez, J., Ancer‑Rodríguez, J., Jaramillo‑Rangel, G."Analysis of cell turnover in the macula densa through the normal aging process". Biomedical Reports 23, no. 3 (2025): 155. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2033
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Ortega‑Martínez M, Gopar‑Cuevas Y, García‑Aguilar K, Chávez‑Briones M, Miranda‑Maldonado I, Ancer‑Arellano A, García‑Juárez J, Ancer‑Rodríguez J and Jaramillo‑Rangel G: Analysis of cell turnover in the macula densa through the normal aging process. Biomed Rep 23: 155, 2025.
APA
Ortega‑Martínez, M., Gopar‑Cuevas, Y., García‑Aguilar, K., Chávez‑Briones, M., Miranda‑Maldonado, I., Ancer‑Arellano, A. ... Jaramillo‑Rangel, G. (2025). Analysis of cell turnover in the macula densa through the normal aging process. Biomedical Reports, 23, 155. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2033
MLA
Ortega‑Martínez, M., Gopar‑Cuevas, Y., García‑Aguilar, K., Chávez‑Briones, M., Miranda‑Maldonado, I., Ancer‑Arellano, A., García‑Juárez, J., Ancer‑Rodríguez, J., Jaramillo‑Rangel, G."Analysis of cell turnover in the macula densa through the normal aging process". Biomedical Reports 23.3 (2025): 155.
Chicago
Ortega‑Martínez, M., Gopar‑Cuevas, Y., García‑Aguilar, K., Chávez‑Briones, M., Miranda‑Maldonado, I., Ancer‑Arellano, A., García‑Juárez, J., Ancer‑Rodríguez, J., Jaramillo‑Rangel, G."Analysis of cell turnover in the macula densa through the normal aging process". Biomedical Reports 23, no. 3 (2025): 155. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2033
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