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Proteomic analysis identifies novel molecular signatures and immune-metabolic pathways in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease

  • Authors:
    • Wei Cui
    • Yan Zhang
    • Qing Ye
    • Bing Yan
    • Qunzhi Yang
    • Ge Zhang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Haidian Hospital, Beijing Haidian Section of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100080, P.R. China, Rheumatology and Immunology Department, Beijing Shunyi Hospital, Beijing 101300, P.R. China, Respiratory Department, Beijing Haidian Hospital, Beijing Haidian Section of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100080, P.R. China, Rheumatology and Immunology Department, Beijing Haidian Hospital, Beijing Haidian Section of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100080, P.R. China, Rheumatology and Immunology Department, Beijing Haidian Hospital, Beijing Haidian Section of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100080, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Cui et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 187
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    Published online on: October 2, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2065
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Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)‑associated interstitial lung disease (RA‑ILD) is a severe extra‑articular manifestation of RA characterized by complex pathogenesis and limited therapeutic options. The present study aimed to identify circulating serum proteins that may reveal novel molecular mechanisms underlying RA‑ILD and inform the development of disease‑modifying strategies. A multi‑center cohort study was conducted including patients with RA‑ILD (n=40), patients with RA but without ILD (n=40) and healthy controls (n=7). Pooled serum samples were analyzed using a high‑throughput antibody array targeting 440 proteins. Differentially expressed proteins were defined by statistical criteria (P<0.05) and a fold change >1.2 or <0.83. Functional enrichment and protein‑protein interaction (PPI) analyses were performed to explore associated biological pathways. A total of 20 proteins that showed a stepwise increase in expression were identified: Levels were significantly higher in patients with RA compared with healthy controls and further elevated in patients with RA‑ILD relative to RA alone. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis revealed distinct protein expression profiles across groups. Gene Ontology analysis indicated enrichment in pathways related to immune cell activation, proliferation and cytokine production. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis highlighted cytokine‑cytokine receptor interactions and PI3K‑Akt signaling. PPI network analysis identified insulin as a central hub interacting with IGF‑1R, IL‑7, and other profibrotic mediators. Several proteins (for example, CA9, EDA‑A2, Gas1, CRTAM, IL‑2Rb and IL‑31) emerged as novel candidates not previously linked to RA‑ILD. The present study identified a panel of 20 dysregulated serum proteins in RA‑ILD, implicating immune dysregulation, fibrotic processes and metabolic signaling‑particularly the insulin/IGF‑1R‑PI3K‑Akt axis‑in disease pathogenesis. These findings provide potential therapeutic targets for RA‑ILD that warrant further validation.
View Figures

Figure 1

Histogram. Serum protein levels were
significantly higher in patients with RA compared with healthy
controls, and even more elevated in patients with RA-ILD compared
with patients with RA. The bar graph illustrates the relative
expression levels of 20 differentially expressed proteins among
healthy controls, patients with RA and patients with RA-ILD. The
data are presented as mean ± SD. The data from patients with RA and
patients with RA-ILD represent pooled samples.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01 and
***P<0.001. RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RA-ILD,
RA-associated interstitial lung disease; TFPI, tissue factor
pathway inhibitor; CA9, carbonic anhydrase IX; AR, amphiregulin;
Shh-N, sonic hedgehog N-terminal; Gas1, growth arrest-specific gene
1; EDA-A2, ectodysplasin A2; TF, tissue factor.

Figure 2

Heatmap. This heatmap represents
hierarchical clustering analysis based on the expression patterns
of 20 proteins, showing distinct molecular signatures among the
three groups. The color scale indicates normalized protein
expression levels (blue: low; red: high). The data from patients
with RA and patients with RA-ILD represent pooled samples. RA,
rheumatoid arthritis; RA-ILD, RA-associated interstitial lung
disease; TFPI, tissue factor pathway inhibitor; CA9, carbonic
anhydrase IX; AR, amphiregulin; Shh-N, sonic hedgehog N-terminal;
Gas1, growth arrest-specific gene 1; EDA-A2, ectodysplasin A2; TF,
tissue factor.

Figure 3

PCA. The two-dimensional PCA score
plot demonstrates clear clustering of healthy controls, patients
with RA, and patients with RA-ILD based on the expression patterns
of 20 differentially expressed proteins. Principal components 1 and
2 (PC1 and PC2) account for 90.5 and 3% of the total variance,
respectively. The ellipses on the plot represent 95% confidence
intervals for each group. The data from patients with RA and
patients with RA-ILD are from pooled samples. PCA, principal
component analysis; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RA-ILD, RA-associated
interstitial lung disease.

Figure 4

Bioinformatic analysis. The bubble
plot displays significantly enriched Gene Ontology terms and Kyoto
encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathways. The size of bubble
represents the number of enriched proteins in each term, while the
color intensity indicates the -log10 (P-value).

Figure 5

STRING-based protein-protein
interaction network of the 20 differentially expressed proteins.
Lines connecting two proteins represent a biological functional
correlation. The thickness of the edges indicates the combined
interaction scores, which exceeded the 0.7 confidence threshold.
TFPI, tissue factor pathway inhibitor; CA9, carbonic anhydrase IX;
Gas1, growth arrest-specific gene 1; EDA, ectodysplasin.

Figure 6

Showing serum concentrations of IL-31
and insulin measured by ELISA. The bar graph compares the mean
serum levels of IL-31 and insulin with error bars representing the
standard deviation of the measurements. **P<0.01 and
***P<0.001. RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RA-ILD,
RA-associated interstitial lung disease.

Figure 7

Receiver Operating Characteristic
curve analysis for IL-31 and insulin. The figure compares the
diagnostic performance of IL-31 (AUC=80.31%) and insulin
(AUC=78.50%) in distinguishing between non-RA-ILD and RA-ILD.
Higher AUC values indicate better predictive accuracy, with IL-31
demonstrating slightly superior performance over insulin in this
analysis. AUC, area under the curve; RA, rheumatoid arthritis;
RA-ILD, RA-associated interstitial lung disease.

Figure 8

Correlation between serum IL-31 and
insulin levels with disease severity markers in patients with
RA-ILD. The clinical parameters used to assess disease severity in
RA-ILD for the correlation analysis with IL-31 and insulin levels
include percentage of FVC, DLCO and FEV, and SLS I. RA, rheumatoid
arthritis; RA-ILD, RA-associated interstitial lung disease; FVC,
forced vital capacity; DLCO, diffusing capacity of the lung for
carbon monoxide; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in the first second;
SLS I, scleroderma lung study I.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Cui W, Zhang Y, Ye Q, Yan B, Yang Q and Zhang G: Proteomic analysis identifies novel molecular signatures and immune-metabolic pathways in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease. Biomed Rep 23: 187, 2025.
APA
Cui, W., Zhang, Y., Ye, Q., Yan, B., Yang, Q., & Zhang, G. (2025). Proteomic analysis identifies novel molecular signatures and immune-metabolic pathways in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease. Biomedical Reports, 23, 187. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2065
MLA
Cui, W., Zhang, Y., Ye, Q., Yan, B., Yang, Q., Zhang, G."Proteomic analysis identifies novel molecular signatures and immune-metabolic pathways in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease". Biomedical Reports 23.6 (2025): 187.
Chicago
Cui, W., Zhang, Y., Ye, Q., Yan, B., Yang, Q., Zhang, G."Proteomic analysis identifies novel molecular signatures and immune-metabolic pathways in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease". Biomedical Reports 23, no. 6 (2025): 187. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2065
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Cui W, Zhang Y, Ye Q, Yan B, Yang Q and Zhang G: Proteomic analysis identifies novel molecular signatures and immune-metabolic pathways in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease. Biomed Rep 23: 187, 2025.
APA
Cui, W., Zhang, Y., Ye, Q., Yan, B., Yang, Q., & Zhang, G. (2025). Proteomic analysis identifies novel molecular signatures and immune-metabolic pathways in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease. Biomedical Reports, 23, 187. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2065
MLA
Cui, W., Zhang, Y., Ye, Q., Yan, B., Yang, Q., Zhang, G."Proteomic analysis identifies novel molecular signatures and immune-metabolic pathways in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease". Biomedical Reports 23.6 (2025): 187.
Chicago
Cui, W., Zhang, Y., Ye, Q., Yan, B., Yang, Q., Zhang, G."Proteomic analysis identifies novel molecular signatures and immune-metabolic pathways in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease". Biomedical Reports 23, no. 6 (2025): 187. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2065
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