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Review Open Access

Research progress in the role and mechanism of GALNT3 in human diseases (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Linhong Su
    • Yongxiu Lin
    • Xiaoxia Hu
    • Zhen Liu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China, Department of Gynecology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Su et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 64
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    Published online on: March 26, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2137
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Abstract

Protein glycosylation is a crucial post‑translational modification. Polypeptide N‑acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3 (GALNT3) is a glycosyltransferase that plays an essential role in various human diseases by modifying proteins, including fibroblast growth factor 23 and mucins. In non‑tumor conditions, mutations in GALNT3 result in hyperphosphatemia in familial tumoral calcinosis, and its dysregulation has been linked to coronary artery disease. Notably, GALNT3 plays a seemingly opposing role in influenza A virus infection by potentially aiding early viral replication, and later exerting antiviral effects. In cancer, the functions of GALNT3 vary by context: it acts as a tumor suppressor in lung cancer but promotes tumor progression in colorectal and ovarian cancer. GALNT3 plays a context‑dependent, dual role by exerting both tumor‑suppressive and tumor‑promoting functions in specific subtypes of pancreatic and breast cancers. This duality is influenced by the tissue environment, substrate specificity, and regulatory networks. Therefore, GALNT3 is emerging as a promising biomarker and therapeutic target across different pathological conditions owing to its pivotal role in disease processes.
View Figures

Figure 1

Schematic depiction of GALNT3 protein
structure and functional domains. The structure, based on the
AlphaFold-predicted model (AF-Q14435-F1), displays the spatial
arrangement of the main domains of GALNT3. The catalytic domain
includes an N-terminal region (GT1 motif, which binds
Mn²+) and a C-terminal region (Gal/GalNAc-T motif, which
binds UDP-GalNAc and performs the catalytic transfer). The lectin
domain guides a ‘stepping’ mechanism by recognizing the newly added
GalNAc sugar, allowing the enzyme to achieve processive
glycosylation on the same substrate. GALNT3, polypeptide
N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3; UDP-GalNAc, uridine
diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine. The figure was generated using
FigDraw (https://www.figdraw.com).

Figure 2

Schematic overview of the
transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of GALNT3. [Arrows denote
regulatory effects: Red for positive (activation) and green for
negative (inhibition)]. GALNT3, polypeptide
N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3; miR-, microRNA; ELAVL1,
embryonic lethal abnormal vision-like 1; Runx2, runt-related
transcription factor 2; Pi, extracellular posphate; Egr1, early
growth response 1; Etv5, ETS variant transcription factor 5;
MAP3K4, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 4; HDAC6,
histone deacetylase histone deacetylase 6; H2BK5ac, histone H2B at
lysine 5 acetylation. The figure was generated using FigDraw
(https://www.figdraw.com).

Figure 3

Depiction of a unifying framework of
GALNT3 molecular functions (dashed line proposes a potential link
between GALNT3 and neural development/function). GALNT3,
polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3; FGF23, fibroblast
growth factor 23; MUC1, mucin 1; TNFR1, tumor necrosis factor
receptor 1. The figure was generated using FigDraw (https://www.figdraw.com).

Figure 4

Pathophysiological roles of GALNT3 in
non-tumor diseases. GALNT3, polypeptide
N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3; FTC/HSS, familial tumoral
calcinosis/hyperostosis-hyperphosphatemia syndrome; CAD, coronary
artery disease; IAV, influenza A virus; FGF23, fibroblast growth
factor 23; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MMP, matrix
metalloproteinase. The figure was generated using FigDraw
(https://www.figdraw.com).

Figure 5

Mechanism supporting the
tumor-suppressive role of GALNT3 in lung cancer. GALNT3,
polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3; NSCLC, non-small
cell lung cancer; TCF, T-cell factor; LEF, lymphoid
enhancer-binding factor; HOXB9, homeobox B9; JAG2, jagged canonical
notch ligand 2; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell; TNFR1, tumor
necrosis factor receptor 1; CXCL1, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1.
The figure was generated using FigDraw (https://www.figdraw.com).

Figure 6

GALNT3 promotes colorectal cancer
progression and chemoresistance via MUC1 glycosylation and PI3K/AKT
activation. GALNT3, polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
3; MUC1, mucin 1; GalNAc, N-acetylgalactosamine; miR-, microRNA.
The figure was generated using FigDraw (https://www.figdraw.com).

Figure 7

Functional redundancy between GALNT3
and GALNT6 in ovarian cancer and the rationale for combinatorial
targeting. GALNT3, polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3;
GALNT6, polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 6; MUC1,
mucin 1; FN1, fibronectin. The figure was generated using FigDraw
(https://www.figdraw.com).

Figure 8

Context-dependent dual roles of
GALNT3 in breast cancer subtypes. GALNT3, polypeptide
N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3; O-GalNAc, O-linked
N-acetylgalactosamine; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The
figure was generated using FigDraw (https://www.figdraw.com).

Figure 9

Context-dependent dual roles of
GALNT3 in PDAC. GALNT3, polypeptide
N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3; PDAC, pancreatic ductal
adenocarcinoma; PCSCs, pancreatic cancer stem cells; GNAT1, guanine
nucleotide-binding protein G(t) subunit α1. The figure was
generated using FigDraw (https://www.figdraw.com).

Figure 10

Summary of the roles of GALNT3 across
human diseases. GALNT3, polypeptide
N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3; CRC, colorectal cancer;
FTC/HSS, familial tumoral calcinosis/hyperostosis-hyperphosphatemia
syndrome; CAD, coronary artery disease; IAV, influenza A virus. The
figure was generated using FigDraw (https://www.figdraw.com).
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Su L, Lin Y, Hu X and Liu Z: Research progress in the role and mechanism of GALNT3 in human diseases (Review). Biomed Rep 24: 64, 2026.
APA
Su, L., Lin, Y., Hu, X., & Liu, Z. (2026). Research progress in the role and mechanism of GALNT3 in human diseases (Review). Biomedical Reports, 24, 64. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2137
MLA
Su, L., Lin, Y., Hu, X., Liu, Z."Research progress in the role and mechanism of GALNT3 in human diseases (Review)". Biomedical Reports 24.5 (2026): 64.
Chicago
Su, L., Lin, Y., Hu, X., Liu, Z."Research progress in the role and mechanism of GALNT3 in human diseases (Review)". Biomedical Reports 24, no. 5 (2026): 64. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2137
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Su L, Lin Y, Hu X and Liu Z: Research progress in the role and mechanism of GALNT3 in human diseases (Review). Biomed Rep 24: 64, 2026.
APA
Su, L., Lin, Y., Hu, X., & Liu, Z. (2026). Research progress in the role and mechanism of GALNT3 in human diseases (Review). Biomedical Reports, 24, 64. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2137
MLA
Su, L., Lin, Y., Hu, X., Liu, Z."Research progress in the role and mechanism of GALNT3 in human diseases (Review)". Biomedical Reports 24.5 (2026): 64.
Chicago
Su, L., Lin, Y., Hu, X., Liu, Z."Research progress in the role and mechanism of GALNT3 in human diseases (Review)". Biomedical Reports 24, no. 5 (2026): 64. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2137
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