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Exosome-like nanoparticles from the Okinawan medicinal plant Talinum fruticosum exhibit subset-specific bioactivities in vitro: Suppression of IL-6 production and reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species

  • Authors:
    • Yasunari Kageyama
    • Kazunori Namba
    • Yuki Akamatsu
    • Tomoka Ebisui
    • Koichi Aida
    • Tsutomu Nakamura
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Takanawa Clinic, Tokyo 108-0074, Japan, IDO Medical Co., Ltd., Tokyo 140-0002, Japan
    Copyright: © Kageyama et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY_NC 4.0].
  • Article Number: 72
    |
    Published online on: April 17, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2145
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Abstract

Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) exhibit diverse physiological activities across biological kingdoms. Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss., known in Okinawa as ‘Shibiran’, is a traditional edible medicinal plant that is considered a food-based remedy. Okinawa, one of the five globally recognized ‘blue zones’, is renowned for its longevity and distinctive health practices. In Okinawan culture, the boundary between food and medicine is often blurred, and medicinal plants such as T. fruticosum are regularly incorporated into the daily diet for their health-promoting properties. However, the biological basis of the health benefits remains poorly understood. To assess its potential pharmacological value, ELNs from T. fruticosum (TfELNs) were isolated and characterized, and their key biological activities were examined. TfELNs were isolated from fresh leaves via ultracentrifugation followed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Their size and morphology were analyzed using nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Subsequently, anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated in human THP-1 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using a multiplex cytokine immunoassay. Antioxidant activity was assessed in THP-1 macrophages under hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress, with intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels measured using a DCFH-DA fluorescence assay. TfELNs were identified as spherical vesicles with typical exosome-like features, and they exhibited no notable cytotoxicity, thus indicating high biocompatibility. Notably, distinct subset-specific bioactivities were observed: The B2 fraction significantly suppressed LPS-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in THP-1 macrophages, whereas the B1 fraction markedly reduced ROS levels under oxidative stress. These results suggested that TfELNs may exert selective anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, highlighting their potential utility in managing IL-6-associated inflammatory and oxidative stress-related conditions. These subset-specific activities suggest a unique pharmacological profile of TfELNs that could inspire future therapeutic applications. Furthermore, these findings may partially explain the traditional medicinal value attributed to T. fruticosum and underscore its relevance in the ethnopharmacological context of Okinawan healthy longevity.
View Figures

Figure 1

Isolation and characterization of
TfELNs. (A) Fresh Talinum fruticosum leaves. (B)
Purification of TfELNs using sucrose density gradient
ultracentrifugation: Upper and lower arrowheads indicate TfELN B1
and B2 bands, respectively. Particle size distributions of purified
TfELN (C) B1 and (D) B2, determined by NTA. Representative TEM
images at 50,000x magnification are shown as insets in each panel.
Scale bar, 100 nm. (E) Cytotoxicity of TfELN B1 and B2 in THP-1
macrophages. Box plots: horizontal line, median; red cross, mean.
Brackets with ‘ns’ (not significant) indicate specific comparisons
between the control group and each treatment group (P>0.05).
Additionally, no statistically significant differences were found
between any other pairs in the post hoc analysis (all P>0.05).
TfELN, Talinum fruticosum-derived exosome-like nanoparticle;
NTA, nanoparticle tracking analysis; TEM, transmission electron
microscopy.

Figure 2

Selective inhibition of IL-6
production by TfELNs. (A) Levels of representative pro-inflammatory
cytokines in LPS-stimulated THP-1 macrophages, with or without
pretreatment (1011 particles/ml) of TfELN B1 or B2. Only
IL-6 was significantly suppressed. (B) Dose-response of IL-6
inhibition by TfELN B2. Box plots: horizontal line, median; red
cross, mean. To avoid visual clutter, brackets are only shown for
significant differences or comparisons with the control group; all
other pairwise comparisons were non-significant (P>0.05).
Statistical significance is indicated as follows:
*P<0.05; **P<0.01;
***P<0.001; ns, not significant. TfELN, Talinum
fruticosum-derived exosome-like nanoparticle; IL, interleukin;
LPS, lipopolysaccharide.

Figure 3

Differential antioxidant activity of
TfELN subsets. Intracellular ROS levels in
H2O2-treated THP-1 macrophages were measured
using DCFH-DA fluorescence intensity, and values are expressed as
RFU. (A) Pretreatment with B1 significantly reduced ROS levels, (B)
whereas pretreatment with B2 had no detectable antioxidant effect.
Box plots: horizontal line, median; red cross, mean. To avoid
visual clutter, brackets are only shown for significant differences
or comparisons with the control group; all other pairwise
comparisons were non-significant (P>0.05). Statistical
significance is indicated as follows: *P<0.05;
**P<0.01; ***P<0.001; ns, not
significant. TfELN, Talinum fruticosum-derived exosome-like
nanoparticle; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RFU, relative
fluorescence units; DCFH-DA, 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein
diacetate.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Kageyama Y, Namba K, Akamatsu Y, Ebisui T, Aida K and Nakamura T: Exosome-like nanoparticles from the Okinawan medicinal plant <em>Talinum fruticosum</em> exhibit subset-specific bioactivities <em>in vitro</em>: Suppression of IL-6 production and reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Biomed Rep 24: 72, 2026.
APA
Kageyama, Y., Namba, K., Akamatsu, Y., Ebisui, T., Aida, K., & Nakamura, T. (2026). Exosome-like nanoparticles from the Okinawan medicinal plant <em>Talinum fruticosum</em> exhibit subset-specific bioactivities <em>in vitro</em>: Suppression of IL-6 production and reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Biomedical Reports, 24, 72. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2145
MLA
Kageyama, Y., Namba, K., Akamatsu, Y., Ebisui, T., Aida, K., Nakamura, T."Exosome-like nanoparticles from the Okinawan medicinal plant <em>Talinum fruticosum</em> exhibit subset-specific bioactivities <em>in vitro</em>: Suppression of IL-6 production and reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species". Biomedical Reports 24.6 (2026): 72.
Chicago
Kageyama, Y., Namba, K., Akamatsu, Y., Ebisui, T., Aida, K., Nakamura, T."Exosome-like nanoparticles from the Okinawan medicinal plant <em>Talinum fruticosum</em> exhibit subset-specific bioactivities <em>in vitro</em>: Suppression of IL-6 production and reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species". Biomedical Reports 24, no. 6 (2026): 72. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2145
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Kageyama Y, Namba K, Akamatsu Y, Ebisui T, Aida K and Nakamura T: Exosome-like nanoparticles from the Okinawan medicinal plant <em>Talinum fruticosum</em> exhibit subset-specific bioactivities <em>in vitro</em>: Suppression of IL-6 production and reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Biomed Rep 24: 72, 2026.
APA
Kageyama, Y., Namba, K., Akamatsu, Y., Ebisui, T., Aida, K., & Nakamura, T. (2026). Exosome-like nanoparticles from the Okinawan medicinal plant <em>Talinum fruticosum</em> exhibit subset-specific bioactivities <em>in vitro</em>: Suppression of IL-6 production and reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Biomedical Reports, 24, 72. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2145
MLA
Kageyama, Y., Namba, K., Akamatsu, Y., Ebisui, T., Aida, K., Nakamura, T."Exosome-like nanoparticles from the Okinawan medicinal plant <em>Talinum fruticosum</em> exhibit subset-specific bioactivities <em>in vitro</em>: Suppression of IL-6 production and reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species". Biomedical Reports 24.6 (2026): 72.
Chicago
Kageyama, Y., Namba, K., Akamatsu, Y., Ebisui, T., Aida, K., Nakamura, T."Exosome-like nanoparticles from the Okinawan medicinal plant <em>Talinum fruticosum</em> exhibit subset-specific bioactivities <em>in vitro</em>: Suppression of IL-6 production and reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species". Biomedical Reports 24, no. 6 (2026): 72. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2145
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