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Pentoxifylline in patients with COVID‑19 and with liver cirrhosis or metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease: Emerging insights

  • Authors:
    • Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Luevano
    • Ana Emilia Jiménez-Partida
    • Miguel Angel Jiménez-Partida
    • Rodrigo Francisco Del Rio-Hidalgo
    • Alejandro Bravo-Hernández
    • María Martha Villaseñor-García
    • Alejandro Bravo-Cuellar
    • Georgina Hernández-Flores
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Gastroenterology Service, Institute for Security and Social Services for State Workers, Valentín Gómez Farías General Hospital, Zapopan, Jalisco 45100, México, Pediatric Service, Institute for Security and Social Services for State Workers Valentín Gómez Farías General Hospital, Zapopan, Jalisco 45100, México, Internal Medicine Service, Antonio González Guevara Civil Hospital, Mexican Social Security Institute‑Bienestar, Tepic, Nayarit 63000, México, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44840, México, Division of Immunology, Western Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
    Copyright: © Jiménez-Luevano et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 77
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    Published online on: April 27, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2150
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Abstract

Coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID‑19) deteriorates existing hepatopathies, such as liver cirrhosis and metabolic‑associated syndrome liver disease (MASLD), which in turn increases the risk of serious complications. The pathophysiology of COVID‑19 includes inflammation, proinflammatory cytokine storms, oxidative stress and fibrosis. Notably, pentoxifylline (PTX) blocks nuclear factor‑κB activity, thus inhibiting the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and is an antioxidant and antifibrotic agent. The present study reported on the use of PTX in 20 patients with liver cirrhosis (13 men, 7 women) of different etiologies and in 25 patients with MASLD (16 women, 9 men) infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome‑CoV‑2; age range of all patients, 29‑83 years. Firstly, the detection of CoV‑2 was confirmed by PCR. All patients received PTX (400 mg twice daily; per os) for 8 weeks, alongside standard care provided for COVID‑19 symptoms and for their liver condition. In all patients, the following inflammatory markers were assessed at the beginning and at the end of the study: C‑reactive protein, D‑dimer, ferritin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), platelet count and oxygen saturation. Statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon signed‑rank test. At the end of the study, no patient required admission to the intensive care unit and no patient fatalities were noted. Notable improvement was noted in seven of the eight inflammatory markers in both liver pathologies, and the only sole parameter that worsened was LDH. Notably, no serious adverse events were observed in these patients. In conclusion, PTX treatment was associated with favorable clinical outcomes and improved inflammatory marker levels in patients with liver cirrhosis and MASLD with COVID‑19.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Jiménez-Luevano MÁ, Jiménez-Partida AE, Jiménez-Partida MA, Del Rio-Hidalgo RF, Bravo-Hernández A, Villaseñor-García MM, Bravo-Cuellar A and Hernández-Flores G: Pentoxifylline in patients with COVID‑19 and with liver cirrhosis or metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease: Emerging insights. Biomed Rep 24: 77, 2026.
APA
Jiménez-Luevano, M.Á., Jiménez-Partida, A.E., Jiménez-Partida, M.A., Del Rio-Hidalgo, R.F., Bravo-Hernández, A., Villaseñor-García, M.M. ... Hernández-Flores, G. (2026). Pentoxifylline in patients with COVID‑19 and with liver cirrhosis or metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease: Emerging insights. Biomedical Reports, 24, 77. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2150
MLA
Jiménez-Luevano, M. Á., Jiménez-Partida, A. E., Jiménez-Partida, M. A., Del Rio-Hidalgo, R. F., Bravo-Hernández, A., Villaseñor-García, M. M., Bravo-Cuellar, A., Hernández-Flores, G."Pentoxifylline in patients with COVID‑19 and with liver cirrhosis or metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease: Emerging insights". Biomedical Reports 24.6 (2026): 77.
Chicago
Jiménez-Luevano, M. Á., Jiménez-Partida, A. E., Jiménez-Partida, M. A., Del Rio-Hidalgo, R. F., Bravo-Hernández, A., Villaseñor-García, M. M., Bravo-Cuellar, A., Hernández-Flores, G."Pentoxifylline in patients with COVID‑19 and with liver cirrhosis or metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease: Emerging insights". Biomedical Reports 24, no. 6 (2026): 77. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2150
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Jiménez-Luevano MÁ, Jiménez-Partida AE, Jiménez-Partida MA, Del Rio-Hidalgo RF, Bravo-Hernández A, Villaseñor-García MM, Bravo-Cuellar A and Hernández-Flores G: Pentoxifylline in patients with COVID‑19 and with liver cirrhosis or metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease: Emerging insights. Biomed Rep 24: 77, 2026.
APA
Jiménez-Luevano, M.Á., Jiménez-Partida, A.E., Jiménez-Partida, M.A., Del Rio-Hidalgo, R.F., Bravo-Hernández, A., Villaseñor-García, M.M. ... Hernández-Flores, G. (2026). Pentoxifylline in patients with COVID‑19 and with liver cirrhosis or metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease: Emerging insights. Biomedical Reports, 24, 77. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2150
MLA
Jiménez-Luevano, M. Á., Jiménez-Partida, A. E., Jiménez-Partida, M. A., Del Rio-Hidalgo, R. F., Bravo-Hernández, A., Villaseñor-García, M. M., Bravo-Cuellar, A., Hernández-Flores, G."Pentoxifylline in patients with COVID‑19 and with liver cirrhosis or metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease: Emerging insights". Biomedical Reports 24.6 (2026): 77.
Chicago
Jiménez-Luevano, M. Á., Jiménez-Partida, A. E., Jiménez-Partida, M. A., Del Rio-Hidalgo, R. F., Bravo-Hernández, A., Villaseñor-García, M. M., Bravo-Cuellar, A., Hernández-Flores, G."Pentoxifylline in patients with COVID‑19 and with liver cirrhosis or metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease: Emerging insights". Biomedical Reports 24, no. 6 (2026): 77. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2150
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