|
1
|
Tran TH and Hunger SP: The genomic
landscape of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia and precision
medicine opportunities. Semin Cancer Biol. 84:144–152.
2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
2
|
Al-Mahayri ZN, AlAhmad MM and Ali BR:
Long-term effects of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
chemotherapy: Can recent findings inform old strategies? Front
Oncol. 11(710163)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
3
|
Inaba H, Greaves M and Mullighan CG: Acute
lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet. 381:1943–1955. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
4
|
World Health Organization (WHO):
International collaborative treatment protocol for children and
adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. WHO, Geneva,
2018.
|
|
5
|
Singh K, Bhori M, Kasu YA, Bhat G and
Marar T: Antioxidants as precision weapons in war against cancer
chemotherapy induced toxicity-exploring the armoury of obscurity.
Saudi Pharm J. 26:177–190. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
6
|
Schwalfenberg GK: N-acetylcysteine: A
review of clinical usefulness (an old drug with new tricks). J Nutr
Metab. 2021(9949453)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
7
|
Ziaee F and Ziaee M: Novel synthesis of
n-acetylcysteine medicine using an effective method. Molbank.
2021(M1288)2021.
|
|
8
|
Tenório MCDS, Graciliano NG, Moura FA, de
Oliveira ACM and Goulart MOF: N-acetylcysteine (NAC): Impacts on
human health. Antioxidants (Basel). 10(967)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
9
|
Pedre B, Barayeu U, Ezeriņa D and Dick TP:
The mechanism of action of N-acetylcysteine (NAC): The emerging
role of H2S and sulfane sulfur species. Pharmacol Ther.
228(107916)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
10
|
Dart RC, Mullins ME, Matoushek T, Ruha AM,
Burns MM, Simone K, Beuhler MC, Heard KJ, Mazer-Amirshahi M, Stork
CM, et al: Management of acetaminophen poisoning in the US and
Canada: A consensus statement. JAMA Netw Open.
6(e2327739)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
11
|
Mazaleuskaya LL, Sangkuhl K, Thorn CF,
Fitzgerald GA, Altman RB and Klein TE: PharmGKB summary: Pathways
of acetaminophen metabolism at the therapeutic versus toxic doses.
Pharmacogenet Genomics. 25:416–426. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
12
|
Khayyat A, Tobwala S, Hart M and Ercal N:
N-acetylcysteine amide, a promising antidote for acetaminophen
toxicity. Toxicol Lett. 241:133–142. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
13
|
Raghu G, Berk M, Campochiaro PA, Jaeschke
H, Marenzi G, Richeldi L, Wen FQ, Nicoletti F and Calverley PMA:
The multifaceted therapeutic role of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in
disorders characterized by oxidative stress. Curr Neuropharmacol.
19:1202–1224. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
14
|
Licata A, Minissale MG, Stankevičiūtė S,
Sanabria-Cabrera J, Lucena MI, Andrade RJ and Almasio PL:
N-acetylcysteine for preventing acetaminophen-induced liver injury:
A comprehensive review. Front Pharmacol. 13(828565)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
15
|
Samuni Y, Goldstein S, Dean OM and Berk M:
The chemistry and biological activities of N-acetylcysteine.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1830:4117–4129. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
16
|
Finn NA and Kemp ML: Pro-oxidant and
antioxidant effects of N-acetylcysteine regulate
doxorubicin-induced NF-kappa B activity in leukemic cells. Mol
Biosyst. 8:650–662. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
17
|
Haidar Z, Fatema K, Shoily SS and Sajib
AA: Disease-associated metabolic pathways affected by heavy metals
and metalloid. Toxicol Rep. 10:554–570. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
18
|
de Andrade KQ, Moura FA, dos Santos JM, de
Araújo ORP, de Farias Santos JC and Goulart MOF: Oxidative stress
and inflammation in hepatic diseases: Therapeutic possibilities of
N-acetylcysteine. Int J Mol Sci. 16:30269–30308. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
19
|
Pei Y, Liu H, Yang Y, Yang Y, Jiao Y, Tay
FR and Chen J: Biological activities and potential oral
applications of N-acetylcysteine: Progress and prospects. Oxid Med
Cell Longev. 2018(2835787)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
20
|
De Flora S, Izzotti A, D'Agostini F and
Balansky RM: Mechanisms of N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of
DNA damage and cancer, with special reference to smoking-related
end-points. Carcinogenesis. 22:999–1013. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
21
|
Bjørklund G, Đorđević AB, Hamdan H,
Wallace DR and Peana M: Metal-induced autoimmunity in neurological
disorders: A review of current understanding and future directions.
Autoimmun Rev. 23(103509)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
22
|
Arıca V, Demir İH, Tutanc M, Basarslan F,
Arica S, Karcoıglu M, Öztürk H and Nacar A: N-acetylcysteine
prevents doxorubucine-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Hum Exp
Toxicol. 32:655–661. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
23
|
Zhou L, Yang H, Wang J, Liu Y, Xu Y, Xu H,
Feng Y and Ge W: The therapeutic potential of antioxidants in
chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: evidence from
preclinical and clinical studies. Neurotherapeutics. 20:339–358.
2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
24
|
Neuwelt EA, Pagel MA, Kraemer DF, Peterson
DR and Muldoon LL: Bone marrow chemoprotection without compromise
of chemotherapy efficacy in a rat brain tumor model. J Pharmacol
Exp Ther. 309:594–599. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
25
|
Muldoon LL, Wu YJ, Pagel MA and Neuwelt
EA: N-acetylcysteine chemoprotection without decreased cisplatin
antitumor efficacy in pediatric tumor models. J Neurooncol.
121:433–440. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
26
|
Ramezaninejad S, Zaboli E, Eslamijouybari
M, Mirzakhani L, Shaki F, Moosazadeh M, Namvar HR, Shabani AM and
Salehifar E: Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of
N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of paclitaxel-induced peripheral
neuropathy: A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled
trial. J Res Pharm Pract. 14:18–26. 2025.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
27
|
Brown P, Inaba H, Annesley C, Beck J,
Colace S, Dallas M, DeSantes K, Kelly K, Kitko C, Lacayo N, et al:
Pediatric Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, version 2.2020, NCCN
clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw.
18:81–112. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
28
|
Puckett Y and Chan O: Acute lymphocytic
leukemia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing,
Treasure Island, FL, 2026.
|
|
29
|
Stock W, Luger SM, Advani AS, Yin J,
Harvey RC, Mullighan CG, Willman CL, Fulton N, Laumann KM, Malnassy
G, et al: A pediatric regimen for older adolescents and young
adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of CALGB 10403.
Blood. 133:1548–1559. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
30
|
Toksvang LN, Lee SHR, Yang JJ and
Schmiegelow K: Maintenance therapy for acute lymphoblastic
leukemia: Basic science and clinical translations. Leukemia.
36:1749–1758. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
31
|
Schmiegelow K, Nielsen SN, Frandsen TL and
Nersting J: Mercaptopurine/Methotrexate maintenance therapy of
childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Clinical facts and fiction.
J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 36:503–517. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
32
|
Cooper SL and Brown PA: Treatment of
pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Clin North Am.
62:61–73. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
33
|
Chaudhary P, Kumari S, Dewan P, Gomber S,
Ahmed RS and Kotru M: Chemotherapy-induced oxidative stress in
pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cureus.
15(e35968)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
34
|
Vardanyan RS and Hruby VJ:
Antineoplastics. In: Synthesis of Essential Drugs. Elsevier,
pp389-418, 2006.
|
|
35
|
Naaz F, Haider MR, Shafi S and Yar MS:
Anti-tubulin agents of natural origin: Targeting taxol, vinca, and
colchicine binding domains. Eur J Med Chem. 171:310–331.
2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
36
|
Hernández AF, Tsatsakis AM and Kontadakis
GA: Biomarkers of ototoxicity. In: Biomarkers in Toxicology.
Elsevier, pp385-399, 2019.
|
|
37
|
Chen XJ, Wang L and Song XY: Mitoquinone
alleviates vincristine-induced neuropathic pain through inhibiting
oxidative stress and apoptosis via the improvement of mitochondrial
dysfunction. Biomed Pharmacother. 125(110003)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
38
|
Ayoola AO, Below J and Das JM:
Vincristine. In: StatPearls [Internet] StatPearls Publishing,
Treasure Island, FL, 2026.
|
|
39
|
Venkatesh P and Kasi A:
Anthracyclines(archived). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure
Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2026.
|
|
40
|
Ali U, Naveed M, Ullah A, Ali K, Shah SA,
Fahad S and Mumtaz AS: L-asparaginase as a critical component to
combat acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL): A novel approach to
target ALL. Eur J Pharmacol. 771:199–210. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
41
|
Lee JK, Rosales JL and Lee KY: Requirement
for ER-mitochondria Ca2+ transfer, ROS production and
mPTP formation in L-asparaginase-induced apoptosis of acute
lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Front Cell Dev Biol.
11(1124164)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
42
|
Winter SS, Holdsworth MT, Devidas M,
Raisch DW, Chauvenet A, Ravindranath Y, Ducore JM and Amylon MD:
Antimetabolite-based therapy in childhood T-cell acute
lymphoblastic leukemia: A report of POG study 9296. Pediatr Blood
Cancer. 46:179–186. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
43
|
Gu L, Hickey RJ and Malkas LH: Therapeutic
targeting of DNA replication stress in cancer. Genes (Basel).
14(1346)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
44
|
Zhuo M, Gorgun MF and Englander EW:
Neurotoxicity of cytarabine (Ara-C) in dorsal root ganglion neurons
originates from impediment of mtDNA synthesis and compromise of
mitochondrial function. Free Radic Biol Med. 121:9–19.
2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
45
|
Tülümen T, Ayata A, Özen M, Sütçü R and
Canatan D: The protective effect of Capparis ovata on
6-mercaptopurine-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in
rats. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 37:290–294. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
46
|
Oosterom N, de Jonge R, Smith DEC, Pieters
R, Tissing WJE, Fiocco M, van Zelst BD, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM
and Heil SG: Changes in intracellular folate metabolism during
high-dose methotrexate and Leucovorin rescue therapy in children
with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PLoS One.
14(e0221591)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
47
|
Roganovic J, Haupt R, Bárdi E, Hjorth L,
Michel G, Pavasovic V, Scheinemann K, van der Pal HJ, Zadravec
Zaletel L, Amariutei AE, et al: Late adverse effects after
treatment for childhood acute leukemia. Acta Med Acad. 53:59–80.
2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
48
|
Chen N, Hanly L, Rieder M, Yeger H and
Koren G: The effect of N-acetylcysteine on the antitumor activity
of ifosfamide. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 89:335–343. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
49
|
Hanly L, Figueredo R, Rieder MJ,
Koropatnick J and Koren G: The effects of N-acetylcysteine on
ifosfamide efficacy in a mouse xenograft model. Anticancer Res.
32:3791–3798. 2012.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
50
|
Haldar S, Dru C and Bhowmick NA:
Mechanisms of hemorrhagic cystitis. Am J Clin Exp Urol. 2:199–208.
2014.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
51
|
Pool BL, Bos RP, Niemeyer U, Theuws JL and
Schmähl D: In vitro/in vivo effects of Mesna on the genotoxicity
and toxicity of cyclophosphamide-a study aimed at clarifying the
mechanism of Mesna's anticarcinogenic activity. Toxicol Lett.
41:49–56. 1988.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
52
|
Dong C, Zhang NJ and Zhang LJ: Oxidative
stress in leukemia and antioxidant treatment. Chin Med J (Engl).
134:1897–1907. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
53
|
Khazdoz H: The effect of N-acetylcysteine
administration to prevent anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in
breast cancer patients. Multidiscip Cancer Investig. 3:16–19.
2019.
|
|
54
|
Choi HS, Park ES, Kang HJ, Shin HY, Noh
CI, Yun YS, Ahn HS and Choi JY: Dexrazoxane for preventing
anthracycline cardiotoxicity in children with solid tumors. J
Korean Med Sci. 25:1336–1342. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
55
|
Jo SH, Kim LS, Kim SA, Kim HS, Han SJ,
Park WJ and Choi YJ: Evaluation of short-term use of
N-acetylcysteine as a strategy for prevention of
anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy: EPOCH trial-A prospective
randomized study. Korean Circ J. 43:174–781. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
56
|
Özdemir ZC, Turhan AB, Eren M and Bor Ö:
Is N-acetylcysteine infusion an effective treatment option in
L-asparaginase associated hepatotoxicity? Blood Res. 52:69–71.
2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
57
|
Kaya I, Citil M, Sozmen M, Karapehlivan M
and Cigsar G: Investigation of protective effect of L-carnitine on
L-asparaginase-induced acute pancreatic injury in male Balb/c mice.
Dig Dis Sci. 60:1290–1296. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
58
|
Samuhasaneeto S, Thong-Ngam D, Kulaputana
O, Patumraj S and Klaikeaw N: Effects of N-acetylcysteine on
oxidative stress in rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Med
Assoc Thai. 90:788–797. 2007.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
59
|
Baumgardner JN, Shankar K, Hennings L,
Albano E, Badger TM and Ronis MJJ: N-acetylcysteine attenuates
progression of liver pathology in a rat model of nonalcoholic
steatohepatitis. J Nutr. 138:1872–1879. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
60
|
Yurttaş GN, Özdemir ZC, Tanrıkut C, Kar E,
Küskü Kiraz Z, Alataş Ö, Dönmez DB and Bör Ö: The effects of
N-acetylcysteine on experimentally created l-asparaginase-induced
liver and pancreatic damage in rats. Leuk Lymphoma. 63:1445–1454.
2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
61
|
Lu SC: Glutathione synthesis. Biochim
Biophys Acta. 1830:3143–3153. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
62
|
Çağlar Y, Özgür H, Matur I, Yenilmez ED,
Tuli A, Gönlüşen G and Polat S: Ultrastructural evaluation of the
effect of N-acetylcysteine on methotrexate nephrotoxicity in rats.
Histol Histopathol. 28:865–874. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
63
|
Geller HM, Cheng K, Goldsmith NK, Romero
AA, Zhang A, Morris EJ and Grandison L: Oxidative stress mediates
neuronal DNA damage and apoptosis in response to cytosine
arabinoside. J Neurochem. 78:265–275. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
64
|
Singh R, Shah R, Turner C, Regueira O and
Vasylyeva TL: N-acetylcysteine renoprotection in methotrexate
induced nephrotoxicity and its effects on B-cell lymphoma. Indian J
Med Paediatr Oncol. 36:243–248. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
65
|
Morgan JA, Lynch J, Panetta JC, Wang Y,
Frase S, Bao J, Zheng J, Opferman JT, Janke L, Green DM, et al:
Apoptosome activation, an important molecular instigator in
6-mercaptopurine induced Leydig cell death. Sci Rep.
5(16488)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
66
|
van Asseldonk DP, Crouwel F, Seinen ML,
Scheffer PG, Veldkamp AI, de Boer NK, Lissenberg-Witte B, Peters GJ
and van Bodegraven AA: Exploring the role of oxidative stress and
the effect of N-acetylcysteine in thiopurine-induced liver injury
in inflammatory bowel disease: A randomized crossover pilot study.
Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 134:507–518. 2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
67
|
Koros C, Papalexi E, Anastasopoulos D,
Kittas C and Kitraki E: Effects of AraC treatment on motor
coordination and cerebellar cytoarchitecture in the adult rat. A
possible protective role of NAC. Neurotoxicology. 28:83–92.
2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
68
|
Mansour HH, El kiki SM and Hasan HF:
Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on cyclophosphamide-induced
cardiotoxicity in rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 40:417–422.
2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
69
|
Kang KS, Shin S and Lee SI:
N-acetylcysteine modulates cyclophosphamide-induced
immunosuppression, liver injury, and oxidative stress in miniature
pigs. J Anim Sci Technol. 62:348–355. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
70
|
Loprinzi CL, Lacchetti C, Bleeker J,
Cavaletti G, Chauhan C, Hertz DL, Kelley MR, Lavino A, Lustberg MB,
Paice JA, et al: Prevention and management of chemotherapy-induced
peripheral neuropathy in survivors of adult cancers: ASCO guideline
update. J Clin Oncol. 38:3325–3348. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
71
|
Tsai SY, Sun NK, Lu HP, Cheng ML and Chao
CCK: Involvement of reactive oxygen species in multidrug resistance
of a vincristine-selected lymphoblastoma. Cancer Sci. 98:1206–1214.
2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
72
|
Akan I, Akan S, Akca H, Savas B and Ozben
T: Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) mediated
vincristine resistance: Effects of N-acetylcysteine and Buthionine
sulfoximine. Cancer Cell Int. 5(22)2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
73
|
Kwon Y: Possible beneficial effects of
N-acetylcysteine for treatment of triple-negative breast cancer.
Antioxidants (Basel). 10(169)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
74
|
De Flora S, D'Agostini F, Masiello L,
Giunciuglio D and Albini A: Synergism between N-acetylcysteine and
doxorubicin in the prevention of tumorigenicity and metastasis in
murine models. Int J Cancer. 67:842–848. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
75
|
Akan I, Akan S, Akca H, Savas B and Ozben
T: N-acetylcysteine enhances multidrug resistance-associated
protein 1 mediated doxorubicin resistance. Eur J Clin Invest.
34:683–689. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
76
|
Block KI, Koch AC, Mead MN, Tothy PK,
Newman RA and Gyllenhaal C: Impact of antioxidant supplementation
on chemotherapeutic efficacy: A systematic review of the evidence
from randomized controlled trials. Cancer Treat Rev. 33:407–418.
2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
