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Article Open Access

Determination of copy number variations and affected gene networks in breast cancer

  • Authors:
    • Violeta Larios‑Serrato
    • Hilda-Alicia Valdez‑Salazar
    • Javier Torres
    • Margarita Camorlinga‑Ponce
    • Patricia Piña‑Sánchez
    • Héctor Mayani
    • Martha-Eugenia Ruiz‑Tachiquín
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomic Bioinformatics, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Lázaro Cárdenas Professional Unit, Mexico City 11340, Mexico, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Medical Research Unit, High Specialty Medical Unit-Pediatrics Hospital ‘Dr Silvestre Frenk Freund’, XXI Century National Medical Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 06720, Mexico, Oncological Diseases Medical Research Unit, High Specialty Medical Unit‑Oncology Hospital, XXI Century National Medical Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
    Copyright: © Larios‑Serrato et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY_NC 4.0].
  • Article Number: 85
    |
    Published online on: May 14, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2158
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Abstract

Triple‑negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive form characterized by limited therapeutic options and notable molecular diversity. The present study performed a genome‑wide analysis of copy number variations (CNVs) using high‑density microarrays in tumor tissue (TUM), adjacent non-tumor tissue (ADJ) and leukocytes (LEU) obtained from five patients with TNBC. The present study identified both unique and shared CNVs across tissue samples, including alterations in key chromosomal regions such as 1q23.3, 1q32.1 and 8q24.3, which harbor oncogenes such as MYC, myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1) and BCL9. Losses in 6q25.2 affecting estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) gene were also detected. CNVs were enriched in genes associated with Hallmarks of Cancer, with TUM samples showing profiles associated with ‘proliferation’, ‘metastasis’ and ‘immune evasion’, ADJ samples with ‘growth suppression’ and LEU samples with ‘genomic instability’. Pathway enrichment analyses revealed disrupted functions in ‘DNA repair’, ‘extracellular matrix organization’ and ‘TP53 signaling' in TUM. Notably, EGFR, excision repair cross‑complementing group 4 (ERCC4) and heat shock protein 90 alpha family class B member 1 (HSP90AB1) genes emerged as potential central nodes in interaction networks and may serve as markers or therapeutic targets. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first CNV profiling study in TNBC in Mexican patients, highlighting the importance of including underrepresented populations in genomic research to uncover distinct molecular signatures and potential diagnostic or therapeutic avenues. Bioinformatically predicted molecular signatures of TNBC involve both common and distinct CNV‑associated Hallmarks of Cancer genes, which represent candidates for screening as potential TNBC biomarkers.
View Figures

Figure 1

Karyogram showing distribution of
CNVs in triple negative breast cancer samples. CNV events across
Chr 1-22, X and Y in ≥3 samples. CNVs, copy number variations; TUM,
tumor tissue; ADJ, adjacent non-tumor tissue; LEU, leukocytes; Chr,
chromosome.

Figure 2

Hallmark of Cancer enrichment plot.
Profile of CNV-genes in triple negative breast cancer from ≥3
patients showing frequency of unique and shared CNV-affected genes.
(A) Frequency of unique and shared CNV-affected genes in ≥3
patients across TUM, ADJ and LEU. Numbers in brackets indicate the
count of CNV-affected genes for each region of the Venn diagram.
(B) LEU, (C) ADJ and (D) TUM. CNV, copy number variation; TUM,
tumor tissue; ADJ, adjacent non-tumor tissue; LEU, leukocytes.

Figure 3

Gene interaction networks associated
with Hallmarks of Cancer and metabolic pathways in CNV-affected
genes in triple-negative breast cancer. TUM, tumor tissue; ADJ,
adjacent non-tumor tissue; LEU, leukocytes.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Larios‑Serrato V, Valdez‑Salazar H, Torres J, Camorlinga‑Ponce M, Piña‑Sánchez P, Mayani H and Ruiz‑Tachiquín M: Determination of copy number variations and affected gene networks in breast cancer. Biomed Rep 25: 85, 2026.
APA
Larios‑Serrato, V., Valdez‑Salazar, H., Torres, J., Camorlinga‑Ponce, M., Piña‑Sánchez, P., Mayani, H., & Ruiz‑Tachiquín, M. (2026). Determination of copy number variations and affected gene networks in breast cancer. Biomedical Reports, 25, 85. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2158
MLA
Larios‑Serrato, V., Valdez‑Salazar, H., Torres, J., Camorlinga‑Ponce, M., Piña‑Sánchez, P., Mayani, H., Ruiz‑Tachiquín, M."Determination of copy number variations and affected gene networks in breast cancer". Biomedical Reports 25.1 (2026): 85.
Chicago
Larios‑Serrato, V., Valdez‑Salazar, H., Torres, J., Camorlinga‑Ponce, M., Piña‑Sánchez, P., Mayani, H., Ruiz‑Tachiquín, M."Determination of copy number variations and affected gene networks in breast cancer". Biomedical Reports 25, no. 1 (2026): 85. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2158
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Larios‑Serrato V, Valdez‑Salazar H, Torres J, Camorlinga‑Ponce M, Piña‑Sánchez P, Mayani H and Ruiz‑Tachiquín M: Determination of copy number variations and affected gene networks in breast cancer. Biomed Rep 25: 85, 2026.
APA
Larios‑Serrato, V., Valdez‑Salazar, H., Torres, J., Camorlinga‑Ponce, M., Piña‑Sánchez, P., Mayani, H., & Ruiz‑Tachiquín, M. (2026). Determination of copy number variations and affected gene networks in breast cancer. Biomedical Reports, 25, 85. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2158
MLA
Larios‑Serrato, V., Valdez‑Salazar, H., Torres, J., Camorlinga‑Ponce, M., Piña‑Sánchez, P., Mayani, H., Ruiz‑Tachiquín, M."Determination of copy number variations and affected gene networks in breast cancer". Biomedical Reports 25.1 (2026): 85.
Chicago
Larios‑Serrato, V., Valdez‑Salazar, H., Torres, J., Camorlinga‑Ponce, M., Piña‑Sánchez, P., Mayani, H., Ruiz‑Tachiquín, M."Determination of copy number variations and affected gene networks in breast cancer". Biomedical Reports 25, no. 1 (2026): 85. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2158
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