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Pink lotus flower (Nelumbo nucifera) oil extract alleviates imiquimod‑induced psoriasis‑like dermatitis

  • Authors:
    • Kamonwan Jongsomchai
    • Somyoth Sridurongrit
    • Passanesh Sukphopetch
    • Tawut Rudtanatip
    • Tichanon Promsrisuk
    • Laorrat Phuapittayalert
    • Sataporn Jamsuwan
    • Teera Chanmanee
    • Sarinthorn Thummayot
    • Sitthisak Thongrong
    • Amnart Onsa‑Ard
    • Arnon Pudgerd
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Division of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand, Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand, Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand, Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao 56000, Thailand
    Copyright: © Jongsomchai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 90
    |
    Published online on: June 3, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2163
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Abstract

Pink lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) contains bioactive flavonoids and alkaloids that exert anti‑inflammatory and antioxidant activities, and inhibit TNF‑α, IL‑1β, IL‑6 and NF‑κB signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. However, the effects of pink lotus flower oil (PLO) on psoriasis‑like skin inflammation remain unexplored. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of PLO treatment on imiquimod (IMQ)‑induced psoriasis‑like skin inflammation in a mouse model. Briefly, BALB/c mice with IMQ‑induced psoriasis were administered PLO (100 and 200 mg/kg), and the psoriasis area and severity index were measured. Histopathology, proinflammatory cytokine levels, antioxidant gene expression, oxidative stress and antioxidant marker levels, and immunoreactivity were also assessed. PLO treatment markedly reduced erythema, scaling and epidermal thickening, and suppressed keratinocyte proliferation, as evidenced by decreased proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunoreactivity, and downregulated mRNA levels of keratin‑encoding genes keratin 6 (K6), K16 and K17. Moreover, PLO significantly downregulated the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF‑α, IL‑17A, IL‑23 and IL‑6, and reduced the infiltration of CD4+ and mast cells. Mechanistically, PLO treatment decreased phosphorylated (p)‑JAK2, p‑JAK3 and p‑STAT3 immunoreactivity by inhibiting JAK2/JAK3/STAT3 signaling. Oxidative stress was attenuated, as evidenced by reduced malondialdehyde levels, and increased nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2, Cu/Zn‑superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn‑SOD), Mn‑SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase mRNA expression levels. PLO treatment also mitigated IMQ‑induced splenomegaly, and suppressed IL‑1b and IL‑6 expression in the spleen, and reduced IL‑6 expression in the axillary lymph nodes. In conclusion, PLO treatment ameliorated IMQ‑induced psoriasis by enhancing antioxidant defenses, and by inhibiting JAK2 and JAK3/STAT3 signaling, supporting its potential as a therapeutic candidate for psoriasis.
View Figures

Figure 1

PLO reduces psoriatic lesions on the
dorsal skin of mice. (A) Representative images of gross
pathological morphology of dorsal skin (upper panel) and retracted
skin showing subcutaneous vasculature (lower panel). PASI scores
for (B) erythema, (C) scaling and (D) skin thickness, and (E) total
PASI score were evaluated on day 8 prior to termination (n=10
mice/group). Data are presented as median (black horizontal line)
with interquartile range and statistical significance was
determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's
multiple comparison post hoc test. No statistically significant
differences were observed. (F) Body weight of mice in all groups
was measured on day 8. Data are presented as the mean ± SD and
statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA.
*P<0.05, ***P<0.001. IMQ, imiquimod;
MTX, methotrexate; NS, normal saline; PASI, psoriasis area and
severity index; PLO, pink lotus flower oil.

Figure 2

PLO ameliorates epidermal hyperplasia
and regulates keratinocyte differentiation in mice with IMQ-induced
psoriasis. (A) Representative hematoxylin and eosin-stained skin
sections showing alleviation of epidermal hyperplasia (white arrow)
parakeratosis (blue arrow) and elongated rete ridge (black arrow).
Images were captured at x10 magnification (scale bar, 100 µm). (B)
Semi-quantification of epidermal thickness in all groups (n=10
mice/group). (C) Semi-quantification of dermal thickness in all
groups (n=10 mice/group). Data are presented as the mean ± SD and
statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01,
***P<0.001. IMQ, imiquimod; MTX, methotrexate; NS,
normal saline; PLO, pink lotus flower oil.

Figure 3

PLO reduces keratinocyte
proliferation and downregulates psoriasis-associated gene
expression in mice with IMQ-induced psoriasis. (A) Representative
immunohistochemical staining for PCNA in dorsal skin sections.
Images were captured at x10 magnification (scale bar, 100 µm). (B)
Semi-quantification of PCNA-positive cells in epidermal regions;
positive cells were counted in 5 random microscopic fields per
section (n=4 mice/group). Relative mRNA expression levels of genes
encoding (C) K6, (D) K16 and (E) K17 detected
by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (n=5 mice/group). Data
are presented as the mean ± SD and statistical significance was
determined by one-way ANOVA. *P<0.05,
**P<0.01, ***P<0.001. IMQ, imiquimod;
K, keratin; MTX, methotrexate; NS, normal saline; PCNA,
proliferating cell nuclear antigen; PLO, pink lotus flower oil.

Figure 4

PLO reduces skin inflammation in mice
with IMQ-induced psoriasis. Cytokine levels in skin tissue and
serum were evaluated by ELISA (n=8 mice/group) and RT-qPCR (n=5
mice/group). ELISA results of (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-1β, (C) IL-17A and
(D) IL-23 levels in the skin tissue, and IL-10 levels in the (E)
skin tissue and (F) serum. RT-qPCR results of the relative mRNA
expression levels of (G) IL-6, (H) S100A8 and (I)
S100A9. Data are presented as the mean ± SD and statistical
significance was determined by one-way ANOVA.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01,
***P<0.001. IMQ, imiquimod; MTX, methotrexate; NS,
normal saline; PLO, pink lotus flower oil; RT-qPCR, reverse
transcription-quantitative PCR.

Figure 5

Distribution of inflammatory cells,
including CD3+, CD4+ and mast cells, in
dorsal skin sections of mice with IMQ-induced psoriasis. (A)
Representative immunohistochemical staining for CD3+,
indicated by black arrow, and (B) semi-quantification of
CD3+ cells in epidermal regions (n=4 mice/group). (C)
Representative immunohistochemical staining for CD4+,
indicated by black arrow, and (D) semi-quantification of
CD4+ cells in epidermal regions (n=5 mice/group). (E)
Representative Giemsa staining of mast cells, indicated by black
arrow, and (F) semi-quantification of mast cells in epidermal
regions (n=5 mice/group). Images were captured at x10 magnification
(scale bar, 100 µm), and integrated optical densities were measured
in five random fields per section. Data are presented as the mean ±
SD and statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01,
***P<0.001. IMQ, imiquimod; MTX, methotrexate; NS,
normal saline; PLO, pink lotus flower oil.

Figure 6

PLO reduces JAK/STAT
expression in mice with IMQ-induced psoriasis. (A) Reverse
transcription-quantitative PCR analysis of mRNA expression levels
of JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, STAT1,
STAT2 and STAT3 in the dorsal skin. Representative
immunohistochemical staining showing the expression of (B) p-JAK2,
(C) p-JAK3 and (D) p-STAT3. Images were captured at x40
magnification (scale bar, 50 µm). Data are presented as the mean ±
SD (n=5 mice/group) and statistical significance was determined by
one-way ANOVA. *P<0.05, **P<0.01,
***P<0.001. IMQ, imiquimod; MTX, methotrexate; NS,
normal saline; p-, phosphorylated; PLO, pink lotus flower oil.

Figure 7

Effects of PLO on oxidative damage in
mice with IMQ-induced psoriasis. (A) Reverse
transcription-quantitative PCR analysis of Nrf2 mRNA
expression (n=5 mice/group). (B) Relative protein expression of
Nrf2 in skin tissues examined by western blotting (n=4 mice/group).
Relative mRNA expression levels of antioxidant enzymes (C)
Cu/Zn-SOD, (D) Mn-SOD, (E) CAT and (F)
GSH-Px (n=5 mice/group). Protein levels of (G) MDA, (H) SOD,
(I) CAT and (J) GSH (n=4 mice/group). mRNA expression levels of
skin barrier gene (K) LOR and (L) FLG (n=5
mice/group). Data are presented as the mean ± SD and statistical
significance was determined by one-way ANOVA.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01,
***P<0.001. CAT, catalase; FLG, filaggrin;
GSH, reduced glutathione; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase;
IMQ, imiquimod; LOR, loricrin; MDA, malondialdehyde; MTX,
methotrexate; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related
factor 2; NS, normal saline; PLO, pink lotus flower oil; SOD,
superoxide dismutase.

Figure 8

PLO reduces systemic inflammation.
(A) Representative images of the spleen and lymph nodes on day 8
after treatment. (B) Relative spleen weight in the control and
experimental groups (n=10). (C) Relative lymph node weight in the
control and experimental groups (n=10). mRNA expression levels of
(D) IL-1β and (E) IL-6 in the spleen (n=5). mRNA
expression levels of (F) IL-1β and (G) IL-6 in the
right axillary lymph nodes (n=5). Data are presented as the mean ±
SD and statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01,
***P<0.001. IMQ, imiquimod; MTX, methotrexate; NS,
normal saline; PLO, pink lotus flower oil.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Jongsomchai K, Sridurongrit S, Sukphopetch P, Rudtanatip T, Promsrisuk T, Phuapittayalert L, Jamsuwan S, Chanmanee T, Thummayot S, Thongrong S, Thongrong S, et al: Pink lotus flower (<em>Nelumbo nucifera</em>) oil extract alleviates imiquimod‑induced psoriasis‑like dermatitis. Biomed Rep 25: 90, 2026.
APA
Jongsomchai, K., Sridurongrit, S., Sukphopetch, P., Rudtanatip, T., Promsrisuk, T., Phuapittayalert, L. ... Pudgerd, A. (2026). Pink lotus flower (<em>Nelumbo nucifera</em>) oil extract alleviates imiquimod‑induced psoriasis‑like dermatitis. Biomedical Reports, 25, 90. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2163
MLA
Jongsomchai, K., Sridurongrit, S., Sukphopetch, P., Rudtanatip, T., Promsrisuk, T., Phuapittayalert, L., Jamsuwan, S., Chanmanee, T., Thummayot, S., Thongrong, S., Onsa‑Ard, A., Pudgerd, A."Pink lotus flower (<em>Nelumbo nucifera</em>) oil extract alleviates imiquimod‑induced psoriasis‑like dermatitis". Biomedical Reports 25.2 (2026): 90.
Chicago
Jongsomchai, K., Sridurongrit, S., Sukphopetch, P., Rudtanatip, T., Promsrisuk, T., Phuapittayalert, L., Jamsuwan, S., Chanmanee, T., Thummayot, S., Thongrong, S., Onsa‑Ard, A., Pudgerd, A."Pink lotus flower (<em>Nelumbo nucifera</em>) oil extract alleviates imiquimod‑induced psoriasis‑like dermatitis". Biomedical Reports 25, no. 2 (2026): 90. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2163
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Jongsomchai K, Sridurongrit S, Sukphopetch P, Rudtanatip T, Promsrisuk T, Phuapittayalert L, Jamsuwan S, Chanmanee T, Thummayot S, Thongrong S, Thongrong S, et al: Pink lotus flower (<em>Nelumbo nucifera</em>) oil extract alleviates imiquimod‑induced psoriasis‑like dermatitis. Biomed Rep 25: 90, 2026.
APA
Jongsomchai, K., Sridurongrit, S., Sukphopetch, P., Rudtanatip, T., Promsrisuk, T., Phuapittayalert, L. ... Pudgerd, A. (2026). Pink lotus flower (<em>Nelumbo nucifera</em>) oil extract alleviates imiquimod‑induced psoriasis‑like dermatitis. Biomedical Reports, 25, 90. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2163
MLA
Jongsomchai, K., Sridurongrit, S., Sukphopetch, P., Rudtanatip, T., Promsrisuk, T., Phuapittayalert, L., Jamsuwan, S., Chanmanee, T., Thummayot, S., Thongrong, S., Onsa‑Ard, A., Pudgerd, A."Pink lotus flower (<em>Nelumbo nucifera</em>) oil extract alleviates imiquimod‑induced psoriasis‑like dermatitis". Biomedical Reports 25.2 (2026): 90.
Chicago
Jongsomchai, K., Sridurongrit, S., Sukphopetch, P., Rudtanatip, T., Promsrisuk, T., Phuapittayalert, L., Jamsuwan, S., Chanmanee, T., Thummayot, S., Thongrong, S., Onsa‑Ard, A., Pudgerd, A."Pink lotus flower (<em>Nelumbo nucifera</em>) oil extract alleviates imiquimod‑induced psoriasis‑like dermatitis". Biomedical Reports 25, no. 2 (2026): 90. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2163
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