Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
June-2015 Volume 9 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
June-2015 Volume 9 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Enamel matrix proteins exhibit growth factor activity: A review of evidence at the cellular and molecular levels

  • Authors:
    • Marzena Wyganowska‑Świątkowska
    • Paulina Urbaniak
    • Michał Marek Nohawica
    • Małgorzata Kotwicka
    • Jerzy Jankun
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań 60‑820, Poland, Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań 60‑806, Poland, Dundee Dental School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK, Department of Urology, Urology Research Centre, College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
  • Pages: 2025-2033
    |
    Published online on: April 7, 2015
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2414
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) is a commercially available protein extract, mainly comprising amelogenins. A number of other polypeptides have been identified in EMD, mostly growth factors, which promote cementogenesis and osteogenesis during the regeneration processes through the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and activity; however, not all of their functions are clear. Enamel extracts have been proposed to have numerous activities such as bone morphogenetic protein‑ and transforming growth factor β (TGF‑β)‑like activity, and activities similar to those of insulin‑like growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, platelet‑derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and epidermal growth factor. These activities have been observed at the molecular and cellular levels and in numerous animal models. Furthermore, it has been suggested that EMD contains an unidentified biologically active factor that acts in combination with TGF‑β1, and several studies have reported functional similarities between growth factors and TGF‑β in cellular processes. The effects of enamel extracts on the cell cycle and biology are summarized and discussed in this review.
View Figures

Figure 1

View References

1 

Bosshardt DD: Biological mediators and periodontal regeneration: a review of enamel matrix proteins at the cellular and molecular levels. J Clin Periodontol. 35:(Suppl). 87–105. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Gibson CW: The amelogenin ̔enamel proteins̓ and cells in the periodontium. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 18:345–360. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Grandin HM, Gemperli AC and Dard M: Enamel matrix derivative: a review of cellular effects in vitro and a model of molecular arrangement and functioning. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 18:181–202. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Lyngstadaas SP, Wohlfahrt JC, Brookes SJ, Paine ML, Snead ML and Reseland JE: Enamel matrix proteins; old molecules for new applications. Orthod Craniofac Res. 12:243–253. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Miron RJ, Guillemette V, Zhang Y, Chandad F and Sculean A: Enamel matrix derivative in combination with bone grafts: A review of the literature. Quintessence Int. 45:475–487. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

6 

Rathe F, Junker R, Chesnutt BM and Jansen JA: The effect of enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain) on bone formation: a systematic review. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 15:215–224. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Zeichner-David M: Is there more to enamel matrix proteins than biomineralization? Matrix Biol. 20:307–316. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Giannobile WV: Periodontal tissue engineering by growth factors. Bone. 19:(Suppl). 23S–37S. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Blom S, Holmstrup P and Dabelsteen E: The effect of insulin-like growth factor-I and human growth hormone on periodontal ligament fibroblast morphology, growth pattern, DNA synthesis and receptor binding. J Periodontol. 63:960–968. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Brady TA, Piesco NP, Buckley MJ, Langkamp HH, Bowen LL and Agarwal S: Autoregulation of periodontal ligament cell phenotype and functions by transforming growth factor-beta1. J Dent Res. 77:1779–1790. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Dennison DK, Vallone DR, Pinero GJ, Rittman B and Caffesse RG: Differential effect of TGF-beta 1 and PDGF on proliferation of periodontal ligament cells and gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontol. 65:641–648. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Kobayashi M, Takiguchi T, Suzuki R, et al: Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 stimulates osteoblastic differentiation in cells isolated from human periodontal ligament. J Dent Res. 78:1624–1633. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Lynch SE, Williams RC, Polson AM, et al: A combination of platelet-derived and insulin-like growth factors enhances periodontal regeneration. J Clin Periodontol. 16:545–548. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Matsuda N, Lin WL, Kumar NM, Cho MI and Genco RJ: Mitogenic, chemotactic and synthetic responses of rat periodontal ligament fibroblastic cells to polypeptide growth factors in vitro. J Periodontol. 63:515–525. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Nishimura F and Terranova VP: Comparative study of the chemotactic responses of periodontal ligament cells and gingival fibroblasts to polypeptide growth factors. J Dent Res. 75:986–992. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Oates TW, Rouse CA and Cochran DL: Mitogenic effects of growth factors on human periodontal ligament cells in vitro. J Periodontol. 64:142–148. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Takayama S, Murakami S, Miki Y, et al: Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor on human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res. 32:667–675. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Terranova VP, Odziemiec C, Tweden KS and Spadone DP: Repopulation of dentin surfaces by periodontal ligament cells and endothelial cells. Effect of basic fibroblast growth factor. J Periodontol. 60:293–301. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Terranova VP and Wikesjö UM: Extracellular matrices and polypeptide growth factors as mediators of functions of cells of the periodontium. A review. J Periodontol. 58:371–380. 1987. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Bartlett JD and Simmer JP: Proteinases in developing dental enamel. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 10:425–441. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Margolis HC, Beniash E and Fowler CE: Role of macromolecular assembly of enamel matrix proteins in enamel formation. J Dent Res. 85:775–793. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Sculean A, Schwarz F, Becker J and Brecx M: The application of an enamel matrix protein derivative (Emdogain) in regenerative periodontal therapy: a review. Med Princ Pract. 16:167–180. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Heijl L, Heden G, Svärdström G and Ostgren A: Enamel matrix derivative (EMDOGAIN) in the treatment of intrabony periodontal defects. J Clin Periodontol. 24:705–714. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Kawase T, Okuda K, Momose M, Kato Y, Yoshie H and Burns DM: Enamel matrix derivative (EMDOGAIN) rapidly stimulates phosphorylation of the MAP kinase family and nuclear accumulation of smad2 in both oral epithelial and fibroblastic human cells. J Periodontal Res. 36:367–376. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Petinaki E, Nikolopoulos S and Castanas E: Low stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes, following in vitro application of Emdogain. J Clin Periodontol. 25:715–720. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Suzuki S, Nagano T, Yamakoshi Y, et al: Enamel matrix derivative gel stimulates signal transduction of BMP and TGF-β. J Dent Res. 84:510–514. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Laaksonen M, Sorsa T and Salo T: Emdogain in carcinogenesis: a systematic review of in vitro studies. J Oral Sci. 52:1–11. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Nikolopoulos S, Peteinaki E and Castanas E: Immunologic effects of emdogain in humans: one-year results. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 22:269–277. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

29 

Massagué J, Blain SW and Lo RS: TGFbeta signaling in growth control, cancer, and heritable disorders. Cell. 103:295–309. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Patterson GI and Padgett RW: TGF beta-related pathways. Roles in Caenorhabditis elegans development. Trends Genet. 16:27–33. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Roberts AB, Sporn MB, Assoian RK, et al: Transforming growth factor type beta: rapid induction of fibrosis and angiogenesis in vivo and stimulation of collagen formation in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 83:4167–4171. 1986. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Sun PD and Davies DR: ccccccccccccc. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct. 24:269–291. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Innis CA, Shi J and Blundell TL: Evolutionary trace analysis of TGF-beta and related growth factors: implications for site-directed mutagenesis. Protein Eng. 13:839–847. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Daopin S, Piez KA, Ogawa Y and Davies DR: Crystal structure of transforming growth factor-beta 2: an unusual fold for the superfamily. Science. 257:369–373. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Gruber R, Roos G, Caballé-Serrano J, Miron R, Bosshardt DD and Sculean A: TGF-βRI kinase activity mediates Emdogain-stimulated in vitro osteoclastogenesis. Clin Oral Investig. 18:1639–1646. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Gruber R, Bosshardt DD, Miron RJ, Gemperli AC, Buser D and Sculean A: Enamel matrix derivative inhibits adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells via activation of TGF-βRI kinase activity. PloS One. 8:e710462013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Sakoda K, Nakajima Y and Noguchi K: Enamel matrix derivative induces production of vascular endothelial cell growth factor in human gingival fibroblasts. Eur J Oral Sci. 120:513–519. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Gao J, Symons AL and Bartold PM: Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) in the developing periodontium of rats. J Dent Res. 77:1708–1716. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Akhurst RJ and Derynck R: TGF-beta signaling in cancer-a double-edged sword. Trends Cell Biol. 11:(Suppl). S44–S51. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Ten Dijke P, Goumans MJ, Itoh F and Itoh S: Regulation of cell proliferation by Smad proteins. J Cell Physiol. 191:1–16. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Lampropoulos P, Zizi-Sermpetzoglou A, Rizos S, Kostakis A, Nikiteas N and Papavassiliou AG: TGF-beta signalling in colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett. 314:1–7. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Blanchette F, Rivard N, Rudd P, Grondin F, Attisano L and Dubois CM: Cross-talk between the p42/p44 MAP kinase and Smad pathways in transforming growth factor beta 1-induced furin gene transactivation. J Biol Chem. 276:33986–33994. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Jang CW, Chen CH, Chen CC, Chen JY, Su YH and Chen RH: TGF-beta induces apoptosis through Smad-mediated expression of DAP-kinase. Nat Cell Biol. 4:51–58. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Rahimi RA and Leof EB: TGF-β signaling: A tale of two receptors. J Cell Biochem. 102:593–608. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Datto MB, Frederick JP, Pan L, Borton AJ, Zhuang Y and Wang XF: Targeted disruption of Smad3 reveals an essential role in transforming growth factor beta-mediated signal transduction. Mol Cell Biol. 19:2495–2504. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

46 

Kawase T, Okuda K, Yoshie H and Burns DM: Anti-TGF-beta antibody blocks enamel matrix derivative-induced upregulation of p21WAF1/cip1 and prevents its inhibition of human oral epithelial cell proliferation. J Periodontal Res. 37:255–262. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Wada Y, Yamamoto H, Nanbu S, Mizuno M and Tamura M: The suppressive effect of enamel matrix derivative on osteocalcin gene expression of osteoblasts is neutralized by an antibody against TGF-beta. J Periodontol. 79:341–347. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Vayalil PK, Iles KE, Choi J, Yi AK, Postlethwait EM and Liu RM: Glutathione suppresses TGF-beta-induced PAI-1 expression by inhibiting p38 and JNK MAPK and the binding of AP-1, SP-1 and Smad to the PAI-1 promoter. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 293:L1281–L1292. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Lyngstadaas SP, Lundberg E, Ekdahl H, Andersson C and Gestrelius S: Autocrine growth factors in human periodontal ligament cells cultured on enamel matrix derivative. J Clin Periodontol. 28:181–188. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Gestrelius S, Andersson C, Lidström D, Hammarström L and Somerman M: In vitro studies on periodontal ligament cells and enamel matrix derivative. J Clin Periodontol. 24:685–692. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Kawase T, Okuda K, Yoshie H and Burns DM: Cytostatic action of enamel matrix derivative (EMDOGAIN) on human oral squamous cell carcinoma-derived SCC25 epithelial cells. J Periodontal Res. 35:291–300. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Schlueter SR, Carnes DL Jr and Cochran DL: In vitro effects of enamel matrix derivative on microvascular cells. J Periodontol. 78:141–151. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Yuan K, Chen CL and Lin MT: Enamel matrix derivative exhibits angiogenic effect in vitro and in a murine model. J Clin Periodontol. 30:732–738. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Bertl K, An N, Bruckmann C, et al: Effects of enamel matrix derivative on proliferation/viability, migration and expression of angiogenic factor and adhesion molecules in endothelial cells in vitro. J Periodontol. 80:1622–1630. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Wozney JM, Rosen V, Celeste AJ, et al: Novel regulators of bone formation: molecular clones and activities. Science. 242:1528–1534. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Bragdon B, Moseychuk O, Saldanha S, King D, Julian J and Nohe A: Bone morphogenetic proteins: a critical review. Cell Signal. 23:609–620. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Chen D, Zhao M, Harris SE and Mi Z: Signal transduction and biological functions of bone morphogenetic proteins. Front Biosci. 9:349–358. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Hogan BL: Bone morphogenetic proteins: multifunctional regulators of vertebrate development. Genes Dev. 10:1580–1594. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Wordinger RJ and Clark AF: Bone morphogenetic proteins and their receptors in the eye. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 232:979–992. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

60 

Ogata T, Wozney JM, Benezra R and Noda M: Bone morphogenetic protein 2 transiently enhances expression of a gene, Id (inhibitor of differentiation), encoding a helix-loop-helix molecule in osteoblast-like cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 90:9219–9222. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

61 

Myllylä RM, Haapasaari KM, Palatsi R, et al: Multiple miliary osteoma cutis is a distinct disease entity: four case reports and review of the literature. Br J Dermatol. 164:544–552. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

62 

Plikus MV, Mayer JA, de la Cruz D, et al: Cyclic dermal BMP signalling regulates stem cell activation during hair regeneration. Nature. 451:340–344. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Kramer J, Hegert C, Guan K, Wobus AM, Müller PK and Rohwedel J: Embryonic stem cell-derived chondrogenic differentiation in vitro: activation by BMP-2 and BMP-4. Mech Dev. 92:193–205. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Rui YF, Du L, Wang Y, et al: Bone morphogenetic protein 2 promotes transforming growth factor β3-induced chondrogenesis of human osteoarthritic synovium-derived stem cells. Chin Med J (Engl). 123:3040–3048. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

65 

Hu J, Cui D, Yang X, et al: Bone morphogenetic protein-2: a potential regulator in scleral remodeling. Mol Vis. 14:2373–2380. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

66 

Blanco Calvo M, Bolós Fernández V, Medina Villaamil V, Aparicio Gallego G, Díaz Prado S and Grande Pulido E: Biology of BMP signalling and cancer. Clin Transl Oncol. 11:126–137. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

67 

Miyazono K, Maeda S and Imamura T: BMP receptor signaling: transcriptional targets, regulation of signals and signaling cross-talk. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 16:251–263. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

68 

Ryoo HM, Lee MH and Kim YJ: Critical molecular switches involved in BMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells. Gene. 366:51–57. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

69 

Holtzhausen A, Golzio C, How T, et al: Novel bone morphogenetic protein signaling through Smad2 and Smad3 to regulate cancer progression and development. FASEB J. 28:1248–1267. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Matsumoto Y, Otsuka F, Hino J, et al: Bone morphogenetic protein-3b (BMP-3b) inhibits osteoblast differentiation via Smad2/3 pathway by counteracting Smad1/5/8 signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 350:78–86. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

71 

Nohe A, Keating E, Knaus P and Petersen NO: Signal transduction of bone morphogenetic protein receptors. Cell Signal. 16:291–299. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

72 

Hullinger TG, Pan Q, Viswanathan HL and Somerman MJ: TGFbeta and BMP-2 activation of the OPN promoter: roles of smad- and hox-binding elements. Exp Cell Res. 262:69–74. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Stopa M, Anhuf D, Terstegen L, Gatsios P, Gressner AM and Dooley S: Participation of Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4 in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-induced activation of Smad7. THE TGF-beta response element of the promoter requires functional Smad binding element and E-box sequences for transcriptional regulation. J Biol Chem. 275:29308–29317. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

74 

Wan M, Shi X, Feng X and Cao X: Transcriptional mechanisms of bone morphogenetic protein-induced osteoprotegrin gene expression. J Biol Chem. 276:10119–10125. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

75 

Guicheux J, Lemonnier J, Ghayor C, Suzuki A, Palmer G and Caverzasio J: Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase by BMP-2 and their implication in the stimulation of osteoblastic cell differentiation. J Bone Miner Res. 18:2060–2068. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

76 

Osyczka AM and Leboy PS: Bone morphogenetic protein regulation of early osteoblast genes in human marrow stromal cells is mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling. Endocrinology. 146:3428–3437. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

77 

Ivanovski S, Li H, Haase HR and Bartold PM: Expression of bone associated macromolecules by gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res. 36:131–141. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

78 

Kémoun P, Laurencin-Dalicieux S, Rue J, et al: Human dental follicle cells acquire cementoblast features under stimulation by BMP-2/-7 and enamel matrix derivatives (EMD) in vitro. Cell Tissue Res. 329:283–294. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

79 

Saito K, Konishi I, Nishiguchi M, Hoshino T and Fujiwara T: Amelogenin binds to both heparan sulfate and bone morphogenetic protein 2 and pharmacologically suppresses the effect of noggin. Bone. 43:371–376. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

80 

Takayama T, Suzuki N, Narukawa M, Tokunaga T, Otsuka K and Ito K: Enamel matrix derivative stimulates core binding factor alpha1/Runt-related transcription factor-2 expression via activation of Smad1 in C2C12 cells. J Periodontol. 76:244–249. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

81 

Goldberg M, Six N, Decup F, et al: Bioactive molecules and the future of pulp therapy. Am J Dent. 16:66–76. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

82 

Larrain J, Bachiller D, Lu B, Agius E, Piccolo S and De Robertis EM: BMP-binding modules in chordin: a model for signalling regulation in the extracellular space. Development. 127:821–830. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

83 

Zimmerman LB, De Jesús-Escobar JM and Harland RM: The Spemann organizer signal noggin binds and inactivates bone morphogenetic protein 4. Cell. 86:599–606. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

84 

Johnson DL, Carnes D, Steffensen B and Cochran DL: Cellular effects of enamel matrix derivative are associated with different molecular weight fractions following separation by size-exclusion chromatography. J Periodontol. 80:648–656. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

85 

Warotayanont R, Zhu D, Snead ML and Zhou Y: Leucine-rich amelogenin peptide induces osteogenesis in mouse embryonic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 367:1–6. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

86 

Li C, Shintani S, Terakado N, et al: Microvessel density and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived endothelial growth factor in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 34:559–565. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

87 

Johnstone S and Logan RM: The role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in oral dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 42:337–342. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

88 

Kerbel R and Folkman J: Clinical translation of angiogenesis inhibitors. Nat Rev Cancer. 2:727–739. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

89 

Deckers MM, Karperien M, van der Bent C, Yamashita T, Papapoulos SE and Löwik CW: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factors and their receptors during osteoblast differentiation. Endocrinology. 141:1667–1674. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

90 

Johnson RB, Serio FG and Dai X: Vascular endothelial growth factors and progression of periodontal diseases. J Periodontol. 70:848–852. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

91 

Mirastschijski U, Konrad D, Lundberg E, Lyngstadaas SP, Jorgensen LN and Agren MS: Effects of a topical enamel matrix derivative on skin wound healing. Wound Repair Regen. 12:100–108. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

92 

Neeley WW II, Carnes DL and Cochran DL: Osteogenesis in an in vitro coculture of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts and human microvascular endothelial cells. J Periodontol. 81:139–149. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

93 

Kauvar AS, Thoma DS, Carnes DL and Cochran DL: In vivo angiogenic activity of enamel matrix derivative. J Periodontol. 81:1196–1201. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

94 

Thoma DS, Villar CC, Carnes DL, Dard M, Chun YH and Cochran DL: Angiogenic activity of an enamel matrix derivative (EMD) and EMD-derived proteins: an experimental study in mice. J Clin Periodontol. 38:253–260. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

95 

Bartold PM and Raben A: Growth factor modulation of fibroblasts in simulated wound healing. J Periodontal Res. 31:205–216. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

96 

Chang PC, Dovban AS, Lim LP, Chong LY, Kuo MY and Wang CH: Dual delivery of PDGF and simvastatin to accelerate periodontal regeneration in vivo. Biomaterials. 34:9990–9997. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

97 

Coimbra LS, Steffens JP, Rossa C Jr, Graves DT and Spolidorio LC: Clopidogrel enhances periodontal repair in rats through decreased inflammation. J Clin Periodontol. 41:295–302. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

98 

Ojima Y, Mizuno M, Kuboki Y and Komori T: In vitro effect of platelet-derived growth factor-BB on collagen synthesis and proliferation of human periodontal ligament cells. Oral Dis. 9:144–151. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

99 

Saygin NE, Tokiyasu Y, Giannobile WV and Somerman MJ: Growth factors regulate expression of mineral associated genes in cementoblasts. J Periodontol. 71:1591–1600. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

100 

Strayhorn CL, Garrett JS, Dunn RL, Benedict JJ and Somerman MJ: Growth factors regulate expression of osteoblast-associated genes. J Periodontol. 70:1345–1354. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

101 

Lynch SE, de Castilla GR, Williams RC, et al: The effects of short-term application of a combination of platelet-derived and insulin-like growth factors on periodontal wound healing. J Periodontol. 62:458–467. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

102 

van der Geer P, Hunter T and Lindberg RA: Receptor protein tyrosine kinases and their signal transduction pathways. Annu Rev Cell Biol. 10:251–337. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

103 

Matsuda N, Horikawa M, Watanabe M, Kitagawa S, Kudo Y and Takata T: Possible involvement of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 in mitogenic response of periodontal ligament cells to enamel matrix derivative. Eur J Oral Sci. 110:439–444. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

104 

Gullberg D, Gehlsen KR, Turner DC, et al: Analysis of alpha 1 beta 1, alpha 2 beta 1 and alpha 3 beta 1 integrins in cell-collagen interactions: identification of conformation dependent alpha 1 beta 1 binding sites in collagen type I. EMBO J. 11:3865–3873. 1992.PubMed/NCBI

105 

Hammacher A, Mellström K, Heldin CH and Westermark B: Isoform-specific induction of actin reorganization by platelet-derived growth factor suggests that the functionally active receptor is a dimer. EMBO J. 8:2489–2495. 1989.PubMed/NCBI

106 

Chong CH, Carnes DL, Moritz AJ, et al: Human periodontal fibroblast response to enamel matrix derivative, amelogenin and platelet-derived growth factor-BB. J Periodontol. 77:1242–1252. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

107 

Bouma-ter Steege JC, Mayo KH and Griffioen AW: Angiostatic proteins and peptides. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 11:319–334. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

108 

Traver D and Zon LI: Walking the walk: migration and other common themes in blood and vascular development. Cell. 108:731–734. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

109 

Batouli S, Miura M, Brahim J, et al: Comparison of stem-cell-mediated osteogenesis and dentinogenesis. J Dent Res. 82:976–981. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

110 

Javed F, Al-Askar M, Al-Rasheed A and Al-Hezaimi K: Significance of the platelet-derived growth factor in periodontal tissue regeneration. Arch Oral Biol. 56:1476–1484. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

111 

Asahara T, Bauters C, Zheng LP, et al: Synergistic effect of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor on angiogenesis in vivo. Circulation. 92:(Suppl). II365–II371. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

112 

Goto F, Goto K, Weindel K and Folkman J: Synergistic effects of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor on the proliferation and cord formation of bovine capillary endothelial cells within collagen gels. Lab Invest. 69:508–517. 1993.PubMed/NCBI

113 

Pepper MS, Ferrara N, Orci L and Montesano R: Potent synergism between vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in the induction of angiogenesis in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 189:824–831. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

114 

Mason JC, Lidington EA, Ahmad SR and Haskard DO: bFGF and VEGF synergistically enhance endothelial cytoprotection via decay-accelerating factor induction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 282:C578–C587. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

115 

Han L and Gotlieb AI: Fibroblast growth factor-2 promotes in vitro mitral valve interstitial cell repair through transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling. Am J Pathol. 178:119–127. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

116 

Schwartz Z, Carnes DL Jr, Pulliam R, et al: Porcine fetal enamel matrix derivative stimulates proliferation but not differentiation of pre-osteoblastic 2T9 cells, inhibits proliferation and stimulates differentiation of osteoblast-like MG63 cells and increases proliferation and differentiation of normal human osteoblast NHOst cells. J Periodontol. 71:1287–1296. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

117 

Canalis E, Centrella M and McCarthy T: Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor on bone formation in vitro. J Clin Invest. 81:1572–1577. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

118 

Hurley MM, Abreu C, Harrison JR, Lichtler AC, Raisz LG and Kream BE: Basic fibroblast growth factor inhibits type I collagen gene expression in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. J Biol Chem. 268:5588–5593. 1993.PubMed/NCBI

119 

Mizutani S, Tsuboi T, Tazoe M, Koshihara Y, Goto S and Togari A: Involvement of FGF-2 in the action of Emdogain on normal human osteoblastic activity. Oral Dis. 9:210–217. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

120 

Cheng T, Cao W, Wen R, Steinberg RH and LaVail MM: Prostaglandin E2 induces vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA expression in cultured rat Müller cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 39:581–591. 1998.PubMed/NCBI

121 

Sabbieti MG, Marchetti L, Abreu C, et al: Prostaglandins regulate the expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 in bone. Endocrinology. 140:434–444. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

122 

Pickering JG, Ford CM, Tang B and Chow LH: Coordinated effects of fibroblast growth factor-2 on expression of fibrillar collagens, matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases by human vascular smooth muscle cells. Evidence for repressed collagen production and activated degradative capacity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 17:475–482. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

123 

Yanagita M, Kojima Y, Kubota M, et al: Cooperative effects of FGF-2 and VEGF-A in periodontal ligament cells. J Dent Res. 93:89–95. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

124 

Carpenter G and Cohen S: Epidermal growth factor. J Biol Chem. 265:7709–7712. 1990.PubMed/NCBI

125 

Cohen S: Nobel lecture. Epidermal growth factor. Biosci Rep. 6:1017–1028. 1986. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

126 

Furfaro F, Ang ES, Lareu RR, Murray K and Goonewardene M: A histological and micro-CT investigation in to the effect of NGF and EGF on the periodontal, alveolar bone, root and pulpal healing of replanted molars in a rat model-a pilot study. Prog Orthod. 15:22014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

127 

Guajardo G, Okamoto Y, Gogen H, et al: Immunohistochemical localization of epidermal growth factor in cat paradental tissues during tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 118:210–219. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

128 

Keeve PL, Dittmar T, Gassmann G, Grimm WD, Niggemann B and Friedmann A: Characterization and analysis of migration patterns of dentospheres derived from periodontal tissue and the palate. J Periodontal Res. 48:276–285. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

129 

Pyrc K, Milewska A, Kantyka T, et al: Inactivation of epidermal growth factor by Porphyromonas gingivalis as a potential mechanism for periodontal tissue damage. Infect Immun. 81:55–64. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

130 

Dereka XE, Markopoulou CE and Vrotsos IA: Role of growth factors on periodontal repair. Growth Factors. 24:260–267. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

131 

Lee J, Stavropoulos A, Susin C and Wikesjö UM: Periodontal regeneration: focus on growth and differentiation factors. Dent Clin North Am. 54:93–111. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

132 

Okuda K, Kawase T, Momose M, et al: Platelet-rich plasma contains high levels of platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta and modulates the proliferation of periodontally related cells in vitro. J Periodontol. 74:849–857. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

133 

Biscardi JS, Maa MC, Tice DA, Cox ME, Leu TH and Parsons SJ: c-Src-mediated phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor on Tyr845 and Tyr1101 is associated with modulation of receptor function. J Biol Chem. 274:8335–8343. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

134 

Zeldich E, Koren R, Dard M, Nemcovsky C and Weinreb M: EGFR in Enamel Matrix Derivative-induced gingival fibroblast mitogenesis. J Dent Res. 87:850–855. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

135 

Edwin F, Wiepz GJ, Singh R, et al: A historical perspective of the EGF receptor and related systems. Methods Mol Biol. 327:1–24. 2006.PubMed/NCBI

136 

Prenzel N, Zwick E, Daub H, et al: EGF receptor transactivation by G-protein-coupled receptors requires metalloproteinase cleavage of proHB-EGF. Nature. 402:884–888. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

137 

Xu KP, Yin J and Yu FS: SRC-family tyrosine kinases in wound- and ligand-induced epidermal growth factor receptor activation in human corneal epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 47:2832–2839. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

138 

Kutz SM, Higgins CE, Samarakoon R, et al: TGF-beta 1-induced PAI-1 expression is E box/USF-dependent and requires EGFR signaling. Exp Cell Res. 312:1093–1105. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

139 

Allen RR and Higgins PJ: Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 expression and the pathophysiology of TGF-β1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Recent Res Dev Physiol. 95:918–931. 2004.

140 

Davies M, Robinson M, Smith E, Huntley S, Prime S and Paterson I: Induction of an epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human immortal and malignant keratinocytes by TGF-beta1 involves MAPK, Smad and AP-1 signalling pathways. J Cell Biochem. 95:918–931. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

141 

Lovschall H, Fejerskov O and Flyvbjerg A: Pulp-capping with recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I (rhIGF-I) in rat molars. Adv Dent Res. 15:108–112. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

142 

Okubo K, Kobayashi M, Takiguchi T, et al: Participation of endogenous IGF-I and TGF-beta 1 with enamel matrix derivative-stimulated cell growth in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res. 38:1–9. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

143 

Lee AZ, Jiang J, He J, Safavi KE, Spangberg LS and Zhu Q: Stimulation of cytokines in osteoblasts cultured on enamel matrix derivative. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 106:133–138. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

144 

MacNeil RL, D'Errico J, Strayhorn C, Pickrum H and Somerman MJ: Agents with periodontal regenerative potential regulate cell-mediated collagen lattice contraction in vitro. J Dent Res. 75:903–911. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

145 

Ikezawa K, Hart CE, Williams DC and Narayanan AS: Characterization of cementum derived growth factor as an insulin-like growth factor-I like molecule. Connect Tissue Res. 36:309–319. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

146 

Yonemura K, Raines EW, Ahn NG and Narayanan AS: Mitogenic signaling mechanisms of human cementum-derived growth factors. J Biol Chem. 268:26120–26126. 1993.PubMed/NCBI

147 

Xu L, Harada H and Taniguchi A: The effects of LAMP1 and LAMP3 on M180 amelogenin uptake, localization and amelogenin mRNA induction by amelogenin protein. J Biochem. 144:531–537. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

148 

Veis A, Tompkins K, Alvares K, et al: Specific amelogenin gene splice products have signaling effects on cells in culture and in implants in vivo. J Biol Chem. 275:41263–41272. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

149 

Boabaid F, Gibson CW, Kuehl MA, et al: Leucine-rich amelogenin peptide: a candidate signaling molecule during cementogenesis. J Periodontol. 75:1126–1136. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

150 

He J, Jiang J, Safavi KE, Spangberg LS and Zhu Q: Direct contact between enamel matrix derivative (EMD) and osteoblasts is not required for EMD-induced cell proliferation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 98:370–375. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wyganowska‑Świątkowska M, Urbaniak P, Nohawica MM, Kotwicka M and Jankun J: Enamel matrix proteins exhibit growth factor activity: A review of evidence at the cellular and molecular levels. Exp Ther Med 9: 2025-2033, 2015.
APA
Wyganowska‑Świątkowska, M., Urbaniak, P., Nohawica, M.M., Kotwicka, M., & Jankun, J. (2015). Enamel matrix proteins exhibit growth factor activity: A review of evidence at the cellular and molecular levels. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 9, 2025-2033. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2414
MLA
Wyganowska‑Świątkowska, M., Urbaniak, P., Nohawica, M. M., Kotwicka, M., Jankun, J."Enamel matrix proteins exhibit growth factor activity: A review of evidence at the cellular and molecular levels". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 9.6 (2015): 2025-2033.
Chicago
Wyganowska‑Świątkowska, M., Urbaniak, P., Nohawica, M. M., Kotwicka, M., Jankun, J."Enamel matrix proteins exhibit growth factor activity: A review of evidence at the cellular and molecular levels". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 9, no. 6 (2015): 2025-2033. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2414
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wyganowska‑Świątkowska M, Urbaniak P, Nohawica MM, Kotwicka M and Jankun J: Enamel matrix proteins exhibit growth factor activity: A review of evidence at the cellular and molecular levels. Exp Ther Med 9: 2025-2033, 2015.
APA
Wyganowska‑Świątkowska, M., Urbaniak, P., Nohawica, M.M., Kotwicka, M., & Jankun, J. (2015). Enamel matrix proteins exhibit growth factor activity: A review of evidence at the cellular and molecular levels. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 9, 2025-2033. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2414
MLA
Wyganowska‑Świątkowska, M., Urbaniak, P., Nohawica, M. M., Kotwicka, M., Jankun, J."Enamel matrix proteins exhibit growth factor activity: A review of evidence at the cellular and molecular levels". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 9.6 (2015): 2025-2033.
Chicago
Wyganowska‑Świątkowska, M., Urbaniak, P., Nohawica, M. M., Kotwicka, M., Jankun, J."Enamel matrix proteins exhibit growth factor activity: A review of evidence at the cellular and molecular levels". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 9, no. 6 (2015): 2025-2033. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2414
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team