Relapse of choroidal neovascularization in Bietti's crystalline retinopathy following anti‑vascular endothelial growth factor therapy: A case report

Introduction

Bietti's crystalline dystrophy (BCD), first described in 1937 (1), is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by crystal deposition in the retina and occasionally at the corneal limbus, followed by retinal degeneration, pigment clumping and choroidal sclerosis (2). BCD is reported to be a recessive degenerative eye disease caused by germline mutations in the CYP4V2 gene (3). BCD is rare in white populations but relatively common in Asian populations (3). In particular, the IVS6 to 8delTCATACAGGTCATCGCG/insGC mutation in the CYP4V2 gene is a common in Japanese patients with BCD (4). Furthermore, prevalence was 3% of nonsyndromic retinitis pigmentosa (RP) cases in BCD (5). The corneal deposits are detected in ~33% of patients, and when corneal changes are absent the condition is termed Bietti's crystalline retinopathy (BCR) (6,7).

BCR is characterized by crystal deposition in the retina, and then retinal degeneration, pigment clumping, and choroidal sclerosis but without corneal limbus changes (8). It is usually onsets in the third decade of life (9). Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) showed that most crystalline deposits in BCR were located adjacent to the inner side of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer (10).

In certain cases, choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is associated with BCR. To the best of our knowledge, there are few reports investigating the treatment of BCR. Therefore, the present study reports a novel case of CNV in BCR treated by intravitreal bevacizumab injection, which has previously been successfully applied in the treatment of classic CNV in RP (11,12).

Case report

The patient was admitted to First Hospital of China Medical University (Shenyang, China) on October 1, 2011, with no prior medical history. Informed consent was obtained from the patient. A 26-year-old man complained of blurred vision in the right eye for 2 months, with night blindness in the left and right eyes since late childhood. The patient's best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 36/60 in the right eye and 60/60 in the left eye. The fundus examination revealed marked, widely distributed, crystalline degeneration in both eyes, without bony spicules. Six days after the patient's visit, foveal subretinal hemorrhage appeared in the right eye (Fig. 1). The visual field results showed impaired peripheral vision in both eyes. Afterwards, a diagnosis of BCR was determined based on the description of BCR characteristics in Chinese patients (8).

Figure 1. (A) Fundus photographs of choroidal neovascularization occurrence in the right eye. Foveal subretinal hemorrhage (green arrow) was observed (B) 6 days after the first visit of the patient and was completely absorbed (C) 1 month later. (D) Yellow-white exudates were observed 3 months later (red arrow). Compared with (E) indocyanine green angiography, the hot-spot apparent in (F) fluorescein angiography (the green arrow represents the OCT direction) was verified by (G) OCT (green line). The changes in the photoreceptors and (H) retinal pigment epithelium (red arrow) are shown. OCT, optical coherence tomography.

Fluorescein angiography (FA) indicated extra choroidal vessels across the posterior pole. The enhanced perifoveal hyperfluorescence in FA was diagnosed as CNV, which corresponded with the spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) results, whereas it was not clear in indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) (Fig. 1). Following diagnosis, bevacizumab was intravitreally injected (1.25 mg/0.05 ml) once. In the first and fourth week after the injection, it was observed that the foveal hemorrhage had been gradually absorbed, and the results of SD-OCT examination showed the regression and stabilization of the CNV. The exudation between the subretinal space and CNV was absorbed completely. At 3 months after the injection, however, the CNV reoccurred (Fig. 2), with a BCVA of 48/60 in the right eye. The patient stopped attending follow-up appointments.

Figure 2. Progression of choroidal neovascularization. (A) Image from the patient's first visit; (B) fovea hemorrhage 6 days later; (C-E) images from (C) 1 week, (D) 1 month and (E) 3 months after intravitreal bevacizumab injection.

Discussion

The present study investigated multimodality imaging approaches for analyzing the phenotypes and treatment effects of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in CNV secondary to BCR. It has been reported that visual acuity is relatively good during the early stages of BCR, with subsequent progressive but gradual visual loss over decades due to chorioretinal atrophy (13). Intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF drugs have recently been considered to be effective in treating CNV, by improving vision or at least halting its progressive loss (14).

We believe that the CNV in the present case was a focal minimal lesion with low activity. This is proposed on the basis that due to the young age of the patient there was a more active retinal pigment epithelial (RPE), enveloping the CNV and promoting its involution (15). Furthermore, the destruction of the choriocapillaris complex may have reduced the activity of the subretinal CNV. Fong et al (16) found that delayed choroidal filling was observed in all stages of BCR in early ICGA, as well as a relative derangement of the inner choroidal circulation, as indicated by late hypofluorescence. Finally and crucially, ICGA failed to reveal the outline of this CNV, possibly as the large indocyanine green molecule was not able to flow into the tiny vessel structure of the lesion. By contrast, due to the lack of RPE and the smaller fluorescein sodium molecule, FA is able to show a lesion of this type by enhanced perifoveal abnormal hyperfluorescence. Similarly, the exudative features of myopic CNV are more evident when observed using FA (17).

Bevacizumab is a humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody that is able to bind all VEGF subtypes, with a lower affinity, longer onset of action and reduced cost compared with ranibizumab (18). Furthermore, bevacizumab is more effective than photodynamic therapy (19). It is possible that local, tiny, low-activity CNVs are insensitive to bevacizumab. Similarly, myopic CNV with a thinner subfoveal/inferior choroid at baseline may indicate poor anatomic outcome following intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment (20). In addition, there were other factors, such as onset age and gender, that influence the prognosis. Plafker et al (21) found that VEGF production in elderly patients may be reduced compared with younger patients, and that the aging of RPE cells may lead to impaired cellular functions including the production of cytokines such as VEGF. In addition, Wang et al (22) found that males had a higher risk of recurrence of CNV activity than females. In the present study, the subretinal CNV relapsed and exudated during the third month after treatment.

To the best of our knowledge, the present report is the first from China to describe the clinical characteristics of CNV in BCR and to report the efficacy of anti-VEGF therapy according to SD-OCT evaluation. Based on the present results, we propose that the CNV lesion was a local, tiny, low-activity, subretinal CNV. The observations in the present case may aid the treatment of this condition.

References