Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
November-2015 Volume 10 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
November-2015 Volume 10 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Anti-candidal activity of a novel peptide derived from human chromogranin A and its mechanism of action against Candida krusei

  • Authors:
    • Rui‑Fang Li
    • Xiao‑Hui Yan
    • Yan‑Bo Lu
    • Ya‑Li Lu
    • Hui‑Ru Zhang
    • Shi‑Hua Chen
    • Shuai Liu
    • Zhi‑Fang Lu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 1768-1776
    |
    Published online on: September 7, 2015
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2731
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Candida species (Candida spp.) are important fungal pathogens, which cause numerous clinical diseases associated with significant mortality and morbidity in healthcare settings. In our previous study, we identified a recombinant peptide, chromogranin A (CGA)‑N46, corresponding to the N‑terminal Pro31‑Gln76 sequence of human CGA, that exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The present study investigated the antifungal activity of CGA‑N46, and its underlying mechanism, against numerous Candida spp. CGA‑N46 inhibited the growth of all of the tested Candida spp., of which Candida krusei exhibited the greatest sensitivity. CGA‑N46 was able to disrupt the stability of the phospholipid monolayer without damaging the integrity and permeability of the outer membrane of C. krusei cells, and induced cytoplasm vacuolization and mitochondrial damage. In addition, treatment of C. krusei with CGA‑N46 was associated with decreased levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species, a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential, and DNA synthesis inhibition. The results of the present study suggested that CGA‑N46 was able to pass through the cell membrane of Candida spp. by temporarily destabilizing the phospholipid membrane, which in turn led to mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibition of DNA synthesis. Therefore, CGA‑N46 may be considered a novel antifungal compound for the treatment of patients with C. krusei infections.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

View References

1 

Pfaller MA and Diekema DJ: Epidemiology of invasive mycoses in North America. Crit Rev Microbiol. 36:1–53. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Bassetti M, Taramasso L, Nicco E, Molinari MP, Mussap M and Viscoli C: Epidemiology, species distribution, antifungal susceptibility and outcome of nosocomial candidemia in a tertiary care hospital in Italy. PLoS One. 6:e241982011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Scorzoni L, de Lucas MP, Mesa-Arango AC, Fusco-Almeida AM, Lozano E, Cuenca-Estrella M, Mendes-Giannini MJ and Zaragoza O: Antifungal efficacy during Candida krusei infection in non-conventional models correlates with the yeast in vitro susceptibility profile. PLoS One. 8:e600472013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Shorr AF, Gupta V, Sun X, Johannes RS, Spalding J and Tabak YP: Burden of early-onset candidemia: Analysis of culture-positive bloodstream infections from a large U.S. database. Crit Care Med. 37:2519–2526. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Colombo AL, Tobón A, Restrepo A, Queiroz-Telles F and Nucci M: Epidemiology of endemic systemic fungal infections in Latin America. Med Mycol. 49:785–798. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

6 

Pushpanathan M, Rajendhran J, Jayashree S, Sundarakrishnan B, Jayachandran S and Gunasekaran P: Direct cell penetration of the antifungal peptide, MMGP1, in Candida albicans. J Pept Sci. 18:657–660. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Arendrup MC: Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis. Curr Opin Crit Care. 16:445–452. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Leroy O, Gangneux JP, Montravers P, Mira JP, Gouin F, Sollet JP, Carlet J, Reynes J, Rosenheim M, Regnier B and Lortholary O: AmarCand Study Group: Epidemiology, management, and risk factors for death of invasive Candida infections in critical care: A multicenter, prospective, observational study in France (2005–2006). Crit Care Med. 37:1612–1618. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Muñoz P, Sánchez-Somolinos M, Alcalá L, Rodríguez-Créixems M, Peláez T and Bouza E: Candida krusei fungaemia: Antifungal susceptibility and clinical presentation of an uncommon entity during 15 years in a single general hospital. J Antimicrob Chemother. 55:188–193. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Abbas J, Bodey GP, Hanna HA, Mardani M, Girgawy E, Abi-Said D, Whimbey E, Hachem R and Raad I: Candida krusei fungemia. An escalating serious infection in immunocompromised patients. Arch Intern Med. 160:2659–2664. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Bowdish DM, Davidson DJ and Hancock RE: A re-evaluation of the role of host defence peptides in mammalian immunity. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 6:35–51. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Huang J, Hao D and Chen Y, Xu Y, Tan J, Huang Y, Li F and Chen Y: Inhibitory effects and mechanisms of physiological conditions on the activity of enantiomeric forms of an α-helical antibacterial peptide against bacteria. Peptides. 32:1488–1495. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Teixeira V, Feio MJ and Bastos M: Role of lipids in the interaction of antimicrobial peptides with membranes. Prog Lipid Res. 51:149–177. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Lv Y, Wang J, Gao H, Wang Z, Dong N, Ma Q and Shan A: Antimicrobial properties and membrane-active mechanism of a potential α-helical antimicrobial derived from cathelicidin PMAP-36. PLoS One. 9:e863642014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Auvynet C and Rosenstein Y: Multifunctional host defense peptides: Antimicrobial peptides, the small yet big players in innate and adaptive immunity. FEBS J. 276:6497–6508. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Shang D, Sun Y, Wang C, Wei S, Ma L and Sun L: Membrane interaction and antibacterial properties of chensinin-1, an antimicrobial peptide with atypical structural features from the skin of Rana chensinensis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 96:1551–1560. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Vila-Farres X, de la Maria C Garcia, López-Rojas R, Pachón J, Giralt E and Vila J: In vitro activity of several antimicrobial peptides against colistin-susceptible and colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Clin Microbiol Infect. 18:383–387. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Gopal R, Seo CH, Song PI and Park Y: Effect of repetitive lysine-tryptophan motifs on the bactericidal activity of antimicrobial peptides. Amino Acids. 44:645–660. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Li R, Zhang T, Luo J, Wang F, Gu Q, Gan J and Xiao F: Antifungal activity fragments of N domain of chromogranin A. Zhong Shan Da Xue Xue. 45:64–67. 2006.(In Chinese).

20 

Eiden LE: Is chromogranin a prohormone? Nature. 325:3011987. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Simon JP and Aunis D: Biochemistry of the chromogranin A protein family. Biochem J. 262:1–13. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Helle KB: Chromogranins: Universal proteins in secretory organelles from paramecium to man. Neurochem Int. 17:165–175. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Lugardon K, Raffner R, Goumon Y, Corti A, Delmas A, Bulet P, Aunis D and Metz-Boutigue MH: Antibacterial and antifungal activities of vasostatin-1, the N-terminal fragment of chromogranin A. J Biol Chem. 275:10745–10753. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Radek KA, Lopez-Garcia B, Hupe M, Niesman IR, Elias PM, Taupenot L, Mahata SK, O'Connor DT and Gallo RL: The neuroendocrine peptide catestatin is a cutaneous antimicrobial and induced in the skin after injury. J Invest Dermatol. 128:1525–1534. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Akaddar A, Doderer-Lang C, Marzahn MR, Delalande F, Mousli M, Helle K, Van Dorsselaer A, Aunis D, Dunn BM, Metz-Boutigue MH and Candolfi E: Catestatin, an endogenous chromogranin A-derived peptide, inhibits in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum. Cell Mol Life Sci. 67:1005–1015. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Mahata SK, Mahata M, Fung MM and O'Connor DT: Catestatin: A multifunctional peptide from chromogranin A. Regul Pept. 162:33–43. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Lugardon K, Chasserot-Golaz S, Kieffer A-E, Maget-Dana R, Nullans G, Kieffer B, Aunis D and Metz-Boutigue MH: Structural and biological characterization of chromofungin, the antifungal chromogranin A-(47–66)-derived peptide. J Biol Chem. 276:35875–35882. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Blois A, Holmsen H, Martino G, Corti A, Metz-Boutigue MH and Helle KB: Interactions of chromogranin A-derived vasostatins and monolayers of phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Regul Pept. 134:30–37. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Zasloff M: Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms. Nature. 415:389–395. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Li Y, Xiang Q, Zhang Q, Huang Y and Su Z: Overview on the recent study of antimicrobial peptides: Origins, functions, relative mechanisms and application. Peptides. 37:207–215. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Li R, Lu Y, Chen S, Zhang H, Wang B and Xiong Q: Bioinformatics analysis of animal endogenous peptides CGA-N46. Dong Wu Yi Xue Jin Zhan. 34:43–46. 2013.(In Chinese).

32 

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts: Approved standard3rd. CLSI document M27-A3. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Wayne, PA, USA: 2008

33 

Jurevic RJ, Traboulsi RS, Mukherjee PK, Salata RA and Ghannoum MA: Oral HIV/AIDS Research Alliance Mycology Focus group: Identification of gentian violet concentration that does not stain oral mucosa, possesses anti-candidal activity and is well tolerated. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 30:629–633. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Chen Y, Sun R and Wang B: Monolayer behavior of binary systems of betulinic acid and cardiolipin: Thermodynamic analyses of Langmuir monolayers and AFM study of Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers. J Colloid Interface Sci. 353:294–300. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Li D, Ma H, Ye Y, Ji C, Tang X, Ouyang D, Chen J, Li Y and Ma Y: Deoxynivalenol induces apoptosis in mouse thymic epithelial cells through mitochondria-mediated pathway. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 38:163–171. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Sambrook J and Rusell DW: Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Mannual. 3rd. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory press; New York: 2001

37 

van Kan EJ, Demel RA, van der Bent A and de Kruijff B: The role of the abundant phenylalanines in the mode of action of the antimicrobial peptide clavanin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1615:84–92. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Hancock RE and Scott MG: The role of antimicrobial peptides in animal defenses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 97:8856–8861. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Mochon AB and Liu H: The antimicrobial peptide histatin-5 causes a spatially restricted disruption on the Candida albicans surface, allowing rapid entry of the peptide into the cytoplasm. PLoS Pathog. 4:e10001902008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Bobek LA and Situ H: MUC7 20-Mer: Investigation of antimicrobial activity, secondary structure and possible mechanism of antifungal action. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 47:643–652. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Bolintineanu D, Hazrati E, Davis HT, Lehrer RI and Kaznessis YN: Antimicrobial mechanism of pore-forming protegrin peptides: 100 pores to kill E. coli. Peptides. 31:1–8. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Park CB, Kim HS and Kim SC: Mechanism of action of the antimicrobial peptide buforin II: Buforin II kills microorganisms by penetrating the cell membrane and inhibiting cellular functions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 244:253–257. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Kochervinskii VV, Yudin SG, Zanaveskina IS, Arkharova HA, Klechkovskaya VV and Lokshin BV: Structure and appearance of residual polarization in thin films of polyvinylidene fluoride prepared via the Langmuir-Blodgett method. Polym Sci Ser A. 52:40–48. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Bensassi F, Gallerne C, el Dein OS, Hajlaoui MR, Bacha H and Lemaire C: Mechanism of Alternariol monomethyl ether-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells. Toxicology. 290:230–240. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Sander CS, Hipler UC, Wollina U and Elsner P: Inhibitory effect of terbinafine on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by Candida albicans. Mycoses. 45:152–155. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Koshlukova SE, Lloyd TL, Araujo MW and Edgerton M: Salivary histatin 5 induces non-lytic release of ATP from Candida albicans leading to cell death. J Biol Chem. 274:18872–18879. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Moreno AB, Del Pozo A Martínez and Segundo B San: Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins. Antifungal mechanism of the Aspergillus giganteus AFP against the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 72:883–895. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Zhang J, Wu X and Zhang SQ: Antifungal mechanism of antibacterial peptide ABP-CM4, from Bombyx mori against Aspergillus niger. Biotechnol Lett. 30:2157–2163. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Li RF, Yan XH, Lu YB, Lu YL, Zhang HR, Chen SH, Liu S and Lu ZF: Anti-candidal activity of a novel peptide derived from human chromogranin A and its mechanism of action against Candida krusei. Exp Ther Med 10: 1768-1776, 2015.
APA
Li, R., Yan, X., Lu, Y., Lu, Y., Zhang, H., Chen, S. ... Lu, Z. (2015). Anti-candidal activity of a novel peptide derived from human chromogranin A and its mechanism of action against Candida krusei. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 10, 1768-1776. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2731
MLA
Li, R., Yan, X., Lu, Y., Lu, Y., Zhang, H., Chen, S., Liu, S., Lu, Z."Anti-candidal activity of a novel peptide derived from human chromogranin A and its mechanism of action against Candida krusei". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 10.5 (2015): 1768-1776.
Chicago
Li, R., Yan, X., Lu, Y., Lu, Y., Zhang, H., Chen, S., Liu, S., Lu, Z."Anti-candidal activity of a novel peptide derived from human chromogranin A and its mechanism of action against Candida krusei". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 10, no. 5 (2015): 1768-1776. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2731
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Li RF, Yan XH, Lu YB, Lu YL, Zhang HR, Chen SH, Liu S and Lu ZF: Anti-candidal activity of a novel peptide derived from human chromogranin A and its mechanism of action against Candida krusei. Exp Ther Med 10: 1768-1776, 2015.
APA
Li, R., Yan, X., Lu, Y., Lu, Y., Zhang, H., Chen, S. ... Lu, Z. (2015). Anti-candidal activity of a novel peptide derived from human chromogranin A and its mechanism of action against Candida krusei. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 10, 1768-1776. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2731
MLA
Li, R., Yan, X., Lu, Y., Lu, Y., Zhang, H., Chen, S., Liu, S., Lu, Z."Anti-candidal activity of a novel peptide derived from human chromogranin A and its mechanism of action against Candida krusei". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 10.5 (2015): 1768-1776.
Chicago
Li, R., Yan, X., Lu, Y., Lu, Y., Zhang, H., Chen, S., Liu, S., Lu, Z."Anti-candidal activity of a novel peptide derived from human chromogranin A and its mechanism of action against Candida krusei". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 10, no. 5 (2015): 1768-1776. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2731
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team