Anti‑inflammatory potential of total saponins derived from the roots of Panax ginseng in lipopolysaccharide‑activated RAW 264.7 macrophages

Jang,Kyung‑Jun; Choi,Sang Hoon; Yu,Gyeong  Jin; Hong,Su  Hyun; Chung,Yoon Ho; Kim,Cheol‑Hong; Yoon,Hyun‑Min; Kim,Gi‑Young; Kim,Byung  Woo; Choi,Yung  Hyun

doi:10.3892/etm.2015.2965

Anti‑inflammatory potential of total saponins derived from the roots of Panax ginseng in lipopolysaccharide‑activated RAW 264.7 macrophages

Authors:
- Kyung‑Jun Jang
- Sang Hoon Choi
- Gyeong Jin Yu
- Su Hyun Hong
- Yoon Ho Chung
- Cheol‑Hong Kim
- Hyun‑Min Yoon
- Gi‑Young Kim
- Byung Woo Kim
- Yung Hyun Choi
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Affiliations: Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614‑052, Republic of Korea, Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614‑052, Republic of Korea, NamHaeGun Black Garlic Co., Ltd., Busan 614‑853, Republic of Korea, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690‑756, Republic of Korea, Anti‑Aging Research Center and Blue‑Bio Industry RIC, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan 614‑714, Republic of Korea
Published online on: December 29, 2015 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2965
Pages: 1109-1115

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Abstract

Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae), is a widely known traditional medicine that has been utilized throughout Asia for several thousand years. Ginseng saponins exert various important pharmacological effects regarding the control of a number of diseases. The aim of the present study was to identify the anti‑inflammatory effects of total saponins extracted from ginseng (TSG) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑stimulated mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages. The inhibitory effects of TSG on LPS‑induced nitric oxide (NO) production and LPS‑induced tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α) and interleukin‑1β (IL‑1β) protein expression were determined by measuring the levels of nitrite and enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of TSG on the mRNA expression levels and localizations of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), IL‑1β and TNF‑α, and their upstream signaling proteins, including nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) and mitogen‑activated protein kinases (MAPKs), were investigated by reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. Following stimulation with LPS, elevated levels of NO production were detected in RAW 264.7 cells; however, TSG pretreatment significantly inhibited the production of NO (P<0.05), by suppressing the expression of iNOS. In addition, LPS‑stimulated TNF‑α and IL‑1β production was significantly reduced by TSG (P<0.05). In the LPS‑stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, NF‑κB was translocated from the cytosol to the nucleus, whilst TSG pretreatment induced the sequestration of NF‑κB in the cytosol by inhibiting inhibitor of κB degradation. TSG also contributed to downregulation of MAPKs in LPS‑stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggested that TSG may exert anti‑inflammatory activity, and that TSG may be considered a potential therapeutic for the treatment of inflammatory diseases associated with macrophage activation.

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