Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
March-2016 Volume 11 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
March-2016 Volume 11 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Metformin reduces the expression of NADPH oxidase and increases the expression of antioxidative enzymes in human monocytes/macrophages cultured in vitro

  • Authors:
    • Łukasz Bułdak
    • Krzysztof Łabuzek
    • Rafał Jakub Bułdak
    • Grzegorz Machnik
    • Aleksandra Bołdys
    • Marcin Basiak
    • Okopień Bogusław
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40‑752, Poland, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze 41‑808, Poland
  • Pages: 1095-1103
    |
    Published online on: January 11, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.2977
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The treatment of diabetes and its complications is a key challenge for healthcare professionals. Accelerated atherosclerosis is associated with progressive diabetes, and it has been indicated that macrophages serve a crucial function in this process. Currently, the first‑line treatment of diabetes is based on metformin, which is an inducer of AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK) and belongs to the biguanide class of pharmaceuticals. It has been previously demonstrated that metformin exhibits more than just hypoglycemic effects. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro impact of metformin on cell viability and the expression levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAPDH) oxidase (p22phox), a major enzyme in reactive oxygen species generation, and the three antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) in monocytes/macrophages derived from 10 healthy volunteers. The effects of metformin were observed in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which was administered to induce oxidative stress. Furthermore, certain cells were treated with compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK, in order to determine the mechanistic role played by AMPK in the oxidative changes in the macrophages. Cell viability was evaluated using trypan blue and MTT assays. The mRNA and protein expression levels of p22phox and the various antioxidative enzymes were determined using polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. The results indicated that metformin, predominantly in LPS‑pretreated monocytes/macrophages, reduced the expression levels of p22phox and increased those of SOD and GPx, but had only a minor effect on CAT levels. Therefore, metformin appears to alter the oxidative status of macrophages toward increasingly antioxidative activity, which may account for the pleiotropic effects observed during metformin treatment.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Bułdak Ł, Łabuzek K, Bułdak RJ, Kozłowski M, Machnik G, Liber S, Suchy D, Duława-Bułdak A and Okopień B: Metformin affects macrophages' phenotype and improves the activity of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and decreases malondialdehyde concentration in a partially AMPK-independent manner in LPS-stimulated human monocytes/macrophages. Pharmacol Rep. 66:418–429. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Van Greevenbroek MM, Schalkwijk CG and Stehouwer CD: Obesity-associated low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Causes and consequences. Neth J Med. 71:174–187. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

3 

Jin C and Flavell RA: Innate sensors of pathogen and stress: Linking inflammation to obesity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 132:287–294. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Kaptoge S, Seshasai SR, Gao P, Freitag DF, Butterworth AS, Borglykke A, Di Angelantonio E, Gudnason V, Rumley A, Lowe GD, et al: Inflammatory cytokines and risk of coronary heart disease: New prospective study and updated meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 35:578–589. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Savoia C and Schiffrin EL: Vascular inflammation in hypertension and diabetes: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Clin Sci (Lond). 112:375–384. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Ridker PM: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: Potential adjunct for global risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 103:1813–1818. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Madej A, Bołdys A, Bułdak L, Labuzek K, Basiak M and Okopień B: Short-term antihypertensive therapy lowers the C-reactive protein level. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 66:78–84. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

8 

Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM Jr, Kastelein JJ, Koenig W, Libby P, Lorenzatti AJ, MacFadyen JG, et al: JUPITER Study Group: Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 359:2195–2207. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Deo SH, Fisher JP, Vianna LC, Kim A, Chockalingam A, Zimmerman MC, Zucker IH and Fadel PJ: Statin therapy lowers muscle sympathetic nerve activity and oxidative stress in patients with heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 303:H377–H385. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Pignatelli P, Carnevale R, Di Santo S, Bartimoccia S, Nocella C, Vicario T, Loffredo L, Angelico F and Violi F: Rosuvastatin reduces platelet recruitment by inhibiting NADPH oxidase activation. Biochem Pharmacol. 84:1635–1642. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group: Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet. 352:854–865. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Prasad K and Dhar I: Oxidative stress as a mechanism of added sugar-induced cardiovascular disease. Int J Angiol. 23:217–226. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Costa A, Scholer-Dahirel A and Mechta-Grigoriou F: The role of reactive oxygen species and metabolism on cancer cells and their microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol. 25:23–32. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Park JG and Oh GT: The role of peroxidases in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. BMB Rep. 44:497–505. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Okopień B, Krysiak R, Kowalski J, Madej A, Belowski D, Zieliński M and Herman ZS: Monocyte release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta in primary type IIa and IIb dyslipidemic patients treated with statins or fibrates. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 46:377–386. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Labuzek K, Liber S, Gabryel B, Adamczyk J and Okopień B: Metformin increases phagocytosis and acidifies lysosomal/endosomal compartments in AMPK-dependent manner in rat primary microglia. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 381:171–186. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Bułdak Ł, Łabuzek K, Bułdak RJ, Machnik G, Bołdys A and Okopień B: Exenatide (a GLP-1 agonist) improves the antioxidative potential of in vitro cultured human monocytes/macrophages. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 388:905–919. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Rebelato E, Mares-Guia TR, Graciano MF, Labriola L, Britto LR, Garay-Malpartida HM, Curi R, Sogayar MC and Carpinelli AR: Expression of NADPH oxidase in human pancreatic islets. Life Sci. 91:244–249. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Kasperczyk A, Machnik G, Dobrakowski M, Sypniewski D, Birkner E and Kasperczyk S: Gene expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes in the blood cells of workers who were occupationally exposed to lead. Toxicology. 301:79–84. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Strzalka-Mrozik B, Prudlo L, Kimsa MW, Kimsa MC, Kapral M, Nita M and Mazurek U: Quantitative analysis of SOD2, ALDH1A1 and MGST1 messenger ribonucleic acid in anterior lens epithelium of patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Mol Vis. 19:1341–1349. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

21 

Rice P, Longden I and Bleasby A: EMBOSS The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite. Trends Genet. 16:276–277. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Piwkowska A, Rogacka D, Jankowski M, Dominiczak MH, Stepiński JK and Angielski S: Metformin induces suppression of NAD(P)H oxidase activity in podocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 393:268–273. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Batchuluun B, Inoguchi T, Sonoda N, Sasaki S, Inoue T, Fujimura Y, Miura D and Takayanagi R: Metformin and liraglutide ameliorate high glucose-induced oxidative stress via inhibition of PKC-NAD(P)H oxidase pathway in human aortic endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 232:156–164. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Batandier C, Guigas B, Detaille D, El-Mir MY, Fontaine E, Rigoulet M and Leverve XM: The ROS production induced by a reverse-electron flux at respiratory-chain complex 1 is hampered by metformin. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 38:33–42. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Lu W, Ogasawara MA and Huang P: Models of reactive oxygen species in cancer. Drug Discov Today Dis Models. 4:67–73. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Krifka S, Hiller KA, Spagnuolo G, Jewett A, Schmalz G and Schweikl H: The influence of glutathione on redox regulation by antioxidant proteins and apoptosis in macrophages exposed to 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Biomaterials. 33:5177–5186. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Perrotta I, Perrotta E, Sesti S, Cassese M and Mazzulla S: MnSOD expression in human atherosclerotic plaques: An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Cardiovasc Pathol. 22:428–437. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Ari E, Kaya Y, Demir H, Cebi A, Alp HH, Bakan E, Odabasi D and Keskin S: Oxidative DNA damage correlates with carotid artery atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients. Hemodial Int. 15:453–459. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Fukai T and Ushio-Fukai M: Superoxide dismutases: Role in redox signaling, vascular function and, diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal. 15:1583–1606. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Cheng F, Torzewski M, Degreif A, Rossmann H, Canisius A and Lackner KJ: Impact of glutathione peroxidase-1 deficiency on macrophage foam cell formation and proliferation: Implications for atherogenesis. PLoS One. 8:e720632013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Rizos CV and Elisaf MS: Metformin and cancer. Eur J Pharmacol. 705:96–108. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Szuchman-Sapir A, Etzman M and Tamir S: Human atherosclerotic plaque lipid extract impairs the antioxidant defense capacity of monocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 423:884–888. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Góth L and Nagy T: Inherited catalase deficiency: Is it benign or a factor in various age related disorders? Mutat Res. 753:147–154. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Nivet-Antoine V, Labat C, El Shamieh S, Dulcire X, Cottart CH, Beaudeux JL, Zannad F, Visvikis-Siest S and Benetos A: Relationship between catalase haplotype and arterial aging. Atherosclerosis. 227:100–105. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Lee S: Monocytes: A novel drug delivery system targeting atherosclerosis. J Drug Target. 22:138–145. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Bułdak Ł, Łabuzek K, Bułdak RJ, Machnik G, Bołdys A, Basiak M and Bogusław O: Metformin reduces the expression of NADPH oxidase and increases the expression of antioxidative enzymes in human monocytes/macrophages cultured in vitro. Exp Ther Med 11: 1095-1103, 2016.
APA
Bułdak, Ł., Łabuzek, K., Bułdak, R.J., Machnik, G., Bołdys, A., Basiak, M., & Bogusław, O. (2016). Metformin reduces the expression of NADPH oxidase and increases the expression of antioxidative enzymes in human monocytes/macrophages cultured in vitro. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 11, 1095-1103. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.2977
MLA
Bułdak, Ł., Łabuzek, K., Bułdak, R. J., Machnik, G., Bołdys, A., Basiak, M., Bogusław, O."Metformin reduces the expression of NADPH oxidase and increases the expression of antioxidative enzymes in human monocytes/macrophages cultured in vitro". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11.3 (2016): 1095-1103.
Chicago
Bułdak, Ł., Łabuzek, K., Bułdak, R. J., Machnik, G., Bołdys, A., Basiak, M., Bogusław, O."Metformin reduces the expression of NADPH oxidase and increases the expression of antioxidative enzymes in human monocytes/macrophages cultured in vitro". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11, no. 3 (2016): 1095-1103. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.2977
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Bułdak Ł, Łabuzek K, Bułdak RJ, Machnik G, Bołdys A, Basiak M and Bogusław O: Metformin reduces the expression of NADPH oxidase and increases the expression of antioxidative enzymes in human monocytes/macrophages cultured in vitro. Exp Ther Med 11: 1095-1103, 2016.
APA
Bułdak, Ł., Łabuzek, K., Bułdak, R.J., Machnik, G., Bołdys, A., Basiak, M., & Bogusław, O. (2016). Metformin reduces the expression of NADPH oxidase and increases the expression of antioxidative enzymes in human monocytes/macrophages cultured in vitro. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 11, 1095-1103. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.2977
MLA
Bułdak, Ł., Łabuzek, K., Bułdak, R. J., Machnik, G., Bołdys, A., Basiak, M., Bogusław, O."Metformin reduces the expression of NADPH oxidase and increases the expression of antioxidative enzymes in human monocytes/macrophages cultured in vitro". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11.3 (2016): 1095-1103.
Chicago
Bułdak, Ł., Łabuzek, K., Bułdak, R. J., Machnik, G., Bołdys, A., Basiak, M., Bogusław, O."Metformin reduces the expression of NADPH oxidase and increases the expression of antioxidative enzymes in human monocytes/macrophages cultured in vitro". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11, no. 3 (2016): 1095-1103. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.2977
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team