Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
August-2016 Volume 12 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
August-2016 Volume 12 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric sickle cell anemia (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Xinxian Zhang
    • Chenglong Li
    • Qiancheng Li
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Radiology, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 555-558
    |
    Published online on: June 2, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3417
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Sickle cell disease is the result of altered genetic make up due to hereditary encounter and its form as homozygous sickle cell anemia is the most common and severe. The disease is characterized by chronic anemia, recurrent pain crises and vascular occlusion. Neurologically, there is a high incidence of stroke in childhood, as well as cognitive dysfunction. Newborn screening programmes and preventative treatments have allowed a much longer lifespan. However, recently, neurological research has shifted to characterizing more subtle aspects of brain development and functioning that may be critically important to the individual's quality of life. The present review article examines the neurological and neurocognitive complications of sickle cell disease, and discusses the importance of magnetic resonance imaging scans in the management of the disease.
View Figures
View References

1 

Vasseur C and Baudin-Creuza V: Role of alpha-hemoglobin molecular chaperone in the hemoglobin formation and clinical expression of some hemoglobinopathies. Transfus Clin Biol. 22:49–57. 2015.(In French). View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Seakins M, Gibbs WN, Milner PF and Bertles JF: Erythrocyte Hb-S concentration. An important factor in the low oxygen affinity of blood in sickle cell anemia. J Clin Invest. 52:422–432. 1973. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Hebbel RP, Osarogiagbon R and Kaul D: The endothelial biology of sickle cell disease: inflammation and a chronic vasculopathy. Microcirculation. 11:129–151. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Lindsay P, Furie KL, Davis SM, Donnan GA and Norrving B: World Stroke Organization global stroke services guidelines and action plan. Int J Stroke. 9(Suppl A100): 4–13. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Pegelow CH, Macklin EA, Moser FG, Wang WC, Bello JA, Miller ST, Vichinsky EP, DeBaun MR, Guarini L, Zimmerman RA, et al: Longitudinal changes in brain magnetic resonance imaging findings in children with sickle cell disease. Blood. 99:3014–3018. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Ohene-Frempong K, Weiner SJ, Sleeper LA, Miller ST, Embury S, Moohr JW, Wethers DL, Pegelow CH and Gill FM: Cerebrovascular accidents in sickle cell disease: rates and risk factors. Blood. 91:288–294. 1998.PubMed/NCBI

7 

Tarazi RA, Grant ML, Ely E and Barakat LP: Neuropsychological functioning in preschool-age children with sickle cell disease: the role of illness-related and psychosocial factors. Child Neuropsychol. 13:155–172. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Balkaran B, Char G, Morris JS, Thomas PW, Serjeant BE and Serjeant GR: Stroke in a cohort of patients with homozygous sickle cell disease. J Pediatr. 120:360–366. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Moser FG, Miller ST, Bello JA, Pegelow CH, Zimmerman RA, Wang WC, Ohene-Frempong K, Schwartz A, Vichinsky EP, Gallagher D, et al: The spectrum of brain MR abnormalities in sickle-cell disease: a report from the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 17:965–972. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

10 

Ohene-Frempong K: Stroke in sickle cell disease: demographic, clinical, and therapeutic considerations. Semin Hematol. 28:213–219. 1991.PubMed/NCBI

11 

McLaughlin JF and Ballas SK: High mortality among children with sickle cell anemia and overt stroke who discontinue blood transfusion after transition to an adult program. Transfusion. Nov 23–2015.(Epub ahead of print). PubMed/NCBI

12 

Sébire G, Tabarki B, Saunders DE, Leroy I, Liesner R, Saint-Martin C, Husson B, Williams AN, Wade A and Kirkham FJ: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in children: risk factors, presentation, diagnosis and outcome. Brain. 128:477–489. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Hess DC, Adams RJ and Nichols FT III: Sickle cell anemia and other hemoglobinopathies. Semin Neurol. 11:314–328. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Prohovnik I, Hurlet-Jensen A, Adams R, De Vivo D and Pavlakis SG: Hemodynamic etiology of elevated flow velocity and stroke in sickle-cell disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 29:803–810. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Kirkham FJ, Calamante F, Bynevelt M, Gadian DG, Evans JP, Cox TC and Connelly A: Perfusion magnetic resonance abnormalities in patients with sickle cell disease. Ann Neurol. 49:477–485. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Kirkham FJ, Hewes DK, Prengler M, Wade A, Lane R and Evans JP: Nocturnal hypoxaemia and central-nervous-system events in sickle-cell disease. Lancet. 357:1656–1659. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Quinn CT and Ahmad N: Clinical correlates of steady-state oxyhaemoglobin desaturation in children who have sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol. 131:129–134. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Quinn CT, Variste J and Dowling MM: Haemoglobin oxygen saturation is a determinant of cerebral artery blood flow velocity in children with sickle cell anaemia. Br J Haematol. 145:500–505. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Fisher SA, Brunskill SJ, Doree C, Mathur A, Taggart DP and Martin-Rendon E: Stem cell therapy for chronic ischaemic heart disease and congestive heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 4:CD0078882014.PubMed/NCBI

20 

DeBaun MR, Armstrong FD, McKinstry RC, Ware RE, Vichinsky E and Kirkham FJ: Silent cerebral infarcts: a review on a prevalent and progressive cause of neurologic injury in sickle cell anemia. Blood. 119:4587–4596. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Steen RG, Fineberg-Buchner C, Hankins G, Weiss L, Prifitera A and Mulhern RK: Cognitive deficits in children with sickle cell disease. J Child Neurol. 20:102–107. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Pegelow CH, Wang W, Granger S, Hsu LL, Vichinsky E, Moser FG, Bello J, Zimmerman RA, Adams RJ, Brambilla D, et al: Silent infarcts in children with sickle cell anemia and abnormal cerebral artery velocity. Arch Neurol. 58:2017–2021. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Quinn CT, McKinstry RC, Dowling MM, Ball WS, Kraut MA, Casella JF, Dlamini N, Ichord RN, Jordan LC, Kirkham FJ, et al: Acute silent cerebral ischemic events in children with sickle cell anemia. JAMA Neurol. 70:1–8. 2012.

24 

Adams RJ, McKie VC, Hsu L, Files B, Vichinsky E, Pegelow C, Abboud M, Gallagher D, Kutlar A, Nichols FT, et al: Prevention of a first stroke by transfusions in children with sickle cell anemia and abnormal results on transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. N Engl J Med. 339:5–11. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Wayne AS, Kevy SV and Nathan DG: Transfusion management of sickle cell disease. Blood. 81:1109–1123. 1993.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Ballas SK: Iron overload is a determinant of morbidity and mortality in adult patients with sickle cell disease. Semin Hematol. 38(Suppl 1): 30–36. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Wang W and Dwan K: Blood transfusion for preventing primary and secondary stroke in people with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 11:CD0031462013.PubMed/NCBI

28 

Smith-Whitley K and Thompson AA: Indications and complications of transfusions in sickle cell disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 59:358–364. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Adekile AD, Yacoub F, Gupta R, Sinan T, Haider MZ, Habeeb Y, Al-Bloushi M and Moosa A: Silent brain infarcts are rare in Kuwaiti children with sickle cell disease and high Hb F. Am J Hematol. 70:228–231. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Benkerrou M, Delarche C, Brahimi L, Fay M, Vilmer E, Elion J, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA and Elbim C: Hydroxyurea corrects the dysregulated L-selectin expression and increased H(2)O(2) production of polymorphonuclear neutrophils from patients with sickle cell anemia. Blood. 99:2297–2303. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Lagunju IA, Brown BJ and Sodeinde OO: Stroke recurrence in Nigerian children with sickle cell disease treated with hydroxyurea. Niger Postgrad Med J. 20:181–187. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

32 

Walters MC, Patience M, Leisenring W, Eckman JR, Scott JP, Mentzer WC, Davies SC, Ohene-Frempong K, Bernaudin F, Matthews DC, et al: Bone marrow transplantation for sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med. 335:369–376. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Bhatia M and Walters MC: Hematopoietic cell transplantation for thalassemia and sickle cell disease: past, present and future. Bone Marrow Transplant. 41:109–117. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Hanna J, Wernig M, Markoulaki S, Sun CW, Meissner A, Cassady JP, Beard C, Brambrink T, Wu LC, Townes TM, et al: Treatment of sickle cell anemia mouse model with iPS cells generated from autologous skin. Science. 318:1920–1923. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Rees DC, Williams TN and Gladwin MT: Sickle-cell disease. Lancet. 376:2018–2031. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Jordan L, Swerdlow P and Coates TD: Systematic review of transition from adolescent to adult care in patients with sickle cell disease. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 35:165–169. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Wang WC, Pavlakis SG, Helton KJ, McKinstry RC, Casella JF, Adams RJ and Rees RC: BABY HUG Investigators: MRI abnormalities of the brain in one-year-old children with sickle cell anemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 51:643–646. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Kwiatkowski JL, Zimmerman RA, Pollock AN, Seto W, Smith-Whitley K, Shults J, Blackwood-Chirchir A and Ohene-Frempong K: Silent infarcts in young children with sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol. 146:300–305. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Bernaudin F, Verlhac S, Coïc L, Lesprit E, Brugières P and Reinert P: Long-term follow-up of pediatric sickle cell disease patients with abnormal high velocities on transcranial Doppler. Pediatr Radiol. 35:242–248. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Casella JF, King AA, Barton B, White DA, Noetzel MJ, Ichord RN, Terrill C, Hirtz D, McKinstry RC, Strouse JJ, et al: Design of the silent cerebral infarct transfusion (SIT) trial. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 27:69–89. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Kral MC, Brown RT, Connelly M, Curé JK, Besenski N, Jackson SM and Abboud MR: Radiographic predictors of neurocognitive functioning in pediatric Sickle Cell disease. J Child Neurol. 21:37–44. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Emam AT, Ali AM and Babikr MA: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain in children with sickle cell disease. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 14:364–367. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

43 

Brown RT, Armstrong FD and Eckman JR: Neurocognitive aspects of pediatric sickle cell disease. J Learn Disabil. 26:33–45. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Gold JI, Johnson CB, Treadwell MJ, Hans N and Vichinsky E: Detection and assessment of stroke in patients with sickle cell disease: neuropsychological functioning and magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 25:409–421. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

van der Land V, Hijmans CT, de Ruiter M, Mutsaerts HJ, Cnossen MH, Engelen M, Majoie CB, Nederveen AJ, Grootenhuis MA and Fijnvandraat K: Volume of white matter hyperintensities is an independent predictor of intelligence quotient and processing speed in children with sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol. 168:553–556. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Schatz J, Brown RT, Pascual JM, Hsu L and DeBaun MR: Poor school and cognitive functioning with silent cerebral infarcts and sickle cell disease. Neurology. 56:1109–1111. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Berg C, Edwards DF and King A: Executive function performance on the children's kitchen task assessment with children with sickle cell disease and matched controls. Child Neuropsychol. 18:432–448. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Vichinsky EP, Neumayr LD, Gold JI, Weiner MW, Rule RR, Truran D, Kasten J, Eggleston B, Kesler K, McMahon L, et al: Neuropsychological Dysfunction and Neuroimaging Adult Sickle Cell Anemia Study Group: Neuropsychological dysfunction and neuroimaging abnormalities in neurologically intact adults with sickle cell anemia. JAMA. 303:1823–1831. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Thompson RJ Jr, Gustafson KE, Bonner MJ and Ware RE: Neurocognitive development of young children with sickle cell disease through three years of age. J Pediatr Psychol. 27:235–244. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang X, Li C and Li Q: Magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric sickle cell anemia (Review). Exp Ther Med 12: 555-558, 2016.
APA
Zhang, X., Li, C., & Li, Q. (2016). Magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric sickle cell anemia (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 12, 555-558. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3417
MLA
Zhang, X., Li, C., Li, Q."Magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric sickle cell anemia (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 12.2 (2016): 555-558.
Chicago
Zhang, X., Li, C., Li, Q."Magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric sickle cell anemia (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 12, no. 2 (2016): 555-558. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3417
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang X, Li C and Li Q: Magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric sickle cell anemia (Review). Exp Ther Med 12: 555-558, 2016.
APA
Zhang, X., Li, C., & Li, Q. (2016). Magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric sickle cell anemia (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 12, 555-558. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3417
MLA
Zhang, X., Li, C., Li, Q."Magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric sickle cell anemia (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 12.2 (2016): 555-558.
Chicago
Zhang, X., Li, C., Li, Q."Magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric sickle cell anemia (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 12, no. 2 (2016): 555-558. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3417
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team