Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
April-2017 Volume 13 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2017 Volume 13 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Isoflurane anesthesia induces liver injury by regulating the expression of insulin‑like growth factor 1

  • Authors:
    • Yingxian Zhu
    • Xiaoyu Xiao
    • Guowei Li
    • Juyuan Bu
    • Wenying Zhou
    • Shaopeng Zhou
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Anesthesiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China, Department of Orthopaedics II, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China, Department of General Surgery I, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China, Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
  • Pages: 1608-1613
    |
    Published online on: February 22, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4157
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

It has been suggested that isoflurane may cause perioperative liver injury. However, the mechanism of its action remains unknown. The purpose of the present study was to determine this possible mechanism. Sprague‑Dawley rats were randomly assigned into one of three groups (all n=12): Control group (exposed to mock anesthesia), isoflurane group (exposed to 2% isoflurane for 90 min), and isoflurane + insulin‑like growth factor 1 (IGF‑1) group (exposed to 2% isoflurane for 90 min and then treated with IGF‑1). Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) and western blotting were conducted to determine the levels of expression of IGF‑1 and its receptor IGF‑R. Liver necrosis was assessed by histological examination. TUNEL assay was performed to determine the apoptosis of hepatic cells. In addition, the levels of the proteins caspase‑3 and B‑cell lymphoma‑extra large (Bcl‑xL) were measured. Compared with the control group, levels of IGF‑1 and IGF‑1R mRNA and protein were significantly decreased following exposure to isoflurane (all P<0.05). The necrosis rate and liver apoptosis were significantly increased in the group treated with isoflurane alone compared with the control group (P<0.05), but were significantly decreased compared with the isoflurane group following application of IGF‑1 (P<0.05). Additionally, isoflurane exposure significantly increased levels of caspase‑3 compared with the control group (P<0.05), but decreased levels of Bcl‑xL (P<0.05). By contrast, application of IGF‑1 reversed these changes. The present study therefore suggests that isoflurane induces liver injury in part by regulating the expression of IGF‑1 and that application of IGF‑1 may protect against liver injury induced by isoflurane exposure.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Njoku D, Laster MJ, Gong DH, Eger EI II, Reed GF and Martin JL: Biotransformation of halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and desflurane to trifluoroacetylated liver proteins: Association between protein acylation and hepatic injury. Anesth Analg. 84:173–178. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Wright R, Eade OE, Chisholm M, Hawksley M, Lloyd B, Moles TM, Edwards JC and GArdner MJ: Controlled prospective study of the effect on liver function of multiple exposures to halothane. Lancet. 1:817–820. 1975. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Suliburk JW, Gonzalez EA, Kennison SD, Helmer KS and Mercer DW: Differential effects of anesthetics on endotoxin-induced liver injury. J Trauma. 58:711–717. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Mohseni M, Safari S and Alavian SM: Volatile anesthetics in ischemic liver injury: Enemy or friend? Hepat Mon. 14:e198802014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Gunza JT and Pashayan AG: Postoperative elevation of serum transaminases following isoflurane anesthesia. J Clin Anesth. 4:336–341. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Brunt EM, White H, Marsh JW, Holtmann B and Peters MG: Fulminant hepatic failure after repeated exposure to isoflurane anesthesia: A case report. Hepatology. 13:1017–1021. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Turner GB, O'Rourke D, Scott GO and Beringer TR: Fatal hepatotoxicity after re-exposure to isoflurane: A case report and review of the literature. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 12:955–959. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Carrigan TW and Straughen WJ: A report of hepatic necrosis and death following isoflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 67:581–583. 1987. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Dabbagh A and Rajaei S: The role of anesthetic drugs in liver apoptosis. Hepat Mon. 13:e131622013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Gelven PL, Cina SJ, Lee JD and Nichols CA: Massive hepatic necrosis and death following repeated isoflurane exposure: Case report and review of the literature. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 17:61–64. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Kaseb AO, Morris JS, Hassan MM, Siddiqui AM, Lin E, Xiao L, Abdalla EK, Vauthey JN, Aloia TA, Krishnan S and Abbruzzese JL: Clinical and prognostic implications of plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 29:3892–3899. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Sanz S, Pucilowska JB, Liu S, Rodríguez-Ortigosa CM, Lund PK, Brenner DA, Fuller CR, Simmons JG, Pardo A, Martínez-Chantar ML, et al: Expression of insulin-like growth factor I by activated hepatic stellate cells reduces fibrogenesis and enhances regeneration after liver injury. Gut. 54:134–141. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Svegliati-Baroni G, Ridolfi F, Di Sario A, Casini A, Marucci L, Gaggiotti G, Orlandoni P, Macarri G, Perego L, Benedetti A and Folli F: Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 stimulate proliferation and type I collagen accumulation by human hepatic stellate cells: Differential effects on signal transduction pathways. Hepatology. 29:1743–1751. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Aksu I, Baykara B, Kiray M, Gurpinar T, Sisman AR, Ekerbicer N, Tas A, Gokdemir-Yazar O and Uysal N: Serum IGF-1 levels correlate negatively to liver damage in diabetic rats. Biotech Histochem. 88:194–201. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Rehem RN and El-Shikh WM: Serum IGF-1, IGF-2 and IGFBP-3 as parameters in the assessment of liver dysfunction in patients with hepatic cirrhosis and in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 58:949–954. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

16 

Clemmons DR: Metabolic actions of insulin-like growth factor-I in normal physiology and diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 41:425-443, vii-viii2012. View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Friedman SL: Molecular regulation of hepatic fibrosis, an integrated cellular response to tissue injury. J Biol Chem. 275:2247–2250. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Pinzani M, Abboud HE and Aron DC: Secretion of insulin-like growth factor-I and binding proteins by rat liver fat-storing cells: Regulatory role of platelet-derived growth factor. Endocrinology. 127:2343–2349. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Picardi A, de Oliveira AC, Muguerza B, Tosar A, Quiroga J, Castilla-Cortázar I, Santidrián S and Prieto J: Low doses of insulin-like growth factor-I improve nitrogen retention and food efficiency in rats with early cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 26:191–202. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Edmands SD, Ladow E and Hall AC: Microarray analyses of genes regulated by isoflurane anesthesia in vivo: A novel approach to identifying potential preconditioning mechanisms. Anesth Analg. 116:589–595. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Vaquero J, Bélanger M, James L, Herrero R, Desjardins P, Côté J, Blei AT and Butterworth RF: Mild hypothermia attenuates liver injury and improves survival in mice with acetaminophen toxicity. Gastroenterology. 132:372–383. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(−Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Ozier Y and Klinck JR: Anesthetic management of hepatic transplantation. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 21:391–400. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Stoelting RK: Isoflurane and postoperative hepatic dysfunction. Can J Anaesth. 34:223–226. 1987.(In English, French). View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Sinha A, Clatch RJ, Stuck G, Blumenthal SA and Patel SA: Isoflurane hepatotoxicity: A case report and review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol. 91:2406–2409. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Weitz J, Kienle P, Böhrer H, Hofmann W, Theilmann L and Otto G: Fatal hepatic necrosis after isoflurane anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 52:892–895. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Cheng L, You Q, Yin H, Holt M, Franklin C and Ju C: Effect of polyI: C cotreatment on halothane-induced liver injury in mice. Hepatology. 49:215–226. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Jaeschke H, Gujral JS and Bajt ML: Apoptosis and necrosis in liver disease. Liver Int. 24:85–89. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Takahashi Y: Essential roles of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in the liver. Endocr J. 59:955–962. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Bonefeld K and Møller S: Insulin-like growth factor-I and the liver. Liver Int. 31:911–919. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Caro JF, Poulos J, Ittoop O, Pories WJ, Flickinger EG and Sinha MK: Insulin-like growth factor I binding in hepatocytes from human liver, human hepatoma, and normal, regenerating, and fetal rat liver. J Clin Invest. 81:976–981. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Stefano JT, Correa-Giannella ML, Ribeiro CM, Alves VA, Massarollo PC, Machado MC and Giannella-Neto D: Increased hepatic expression of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor in chronic hepatitis C. World J Gastroenterol. 12:3821–3828. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Kim SO, Park JG and Lee YI: Increased expression of the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor gene in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines: Implications of IGF-I receptor gene activation by hepatitis B virus X gene product. Cancer Res. 56:3831–3836. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

34 

Bugianesi E, McCullough AJ and Marchesini G: Insulin resistance: A metabolic pathway to chronic liver disease. Hepatology. 42:987–1000. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Mantena SK, King AL, Andringa KK, Eccleston HB and Bailey SM: Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of alcohol- and obesity-induced fatty liver diseases. Free Radic Biol Med. 44:1259–1272. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Yakar S, Liu JL, Fernandez AM, Wu Y, Schally AV, Frystyk J, Chernausek SD, Mejia W and Le Roith D: Liver-specific igf-1 gene deletion leads to muscle insulin insensitivity. Diabetes. 50:1110–1118. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Conchillo M, de Knegt RJ, Payeras M, Quiroga J, Sangro B, Herrero JI, Castilla-Cortazar I, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A, Yoshizawa C, et al: Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) replacement therapy increases albumin concentration in liver cirrhosis: Results of a pilot randomized controlled clinical trial. J Hepatol. 43:630–636. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Hao CN, Geng YJ, Li F, Yang T, Su DF, Duan JL and Li Y: Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor activation prevents hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Apoptosis. 16:1118–1127. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Nishizawa H, Takahashi M, Fukuoka H, Iguchi G, Kitazawa R and Takahashi Y: GH-independent IGF-I action is essential to prevent the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a GH-deficient rat model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 423:295–300. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Pérez R, Garcia-Fernández M, Díaz-Sánchez M, Puche JE, Delgado G, Conchillo M and Muntané J and Castilla-Cortázar I: Mitochondrial protection by low doses of insulin-like growth factor-I in experimental cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol. 14:2731–2739. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Canbay A, Feldstein AE, Higuchi H, Werneburg N, Grambihler A, Bronk SF and Gores GJ: Kupffer cell engulfment of apoptotic bodies stimulates death ligand and cytokine expression. Hepatology. 38:1188–1198. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Sattler M, Liang H, Nettesheim D, Meadows RP, Harlan JE, Eberstadt M, Yoon HS, Shuker SB, Chang BS, Minn AJ, et al: Structure of Bcl-xL-Bak peptide complex: Recognition between regulators of apoptosis. Science. 275:983–986. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Ku B, Liang C, Jung JU and Oh BH: Evidence that inhibition of BAX activation by BCL-2 involves its tight and preferential interaction with the BH3 domain of BAX. Cell Res. 21:627–641. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Gottschalk S, Zwingmann C, Raymond VA, Hohnholt MC, Chan TS and Bilodeau M: Hepatocellular apoptosis in mice is associated with early upregulation of mitochondrial glucose metabolism. Apoptosis. 17:143–153. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Dejean LM, Ryu SY, Martinez-Caballero S, Teijido O, Peixoto PM and Kinnally KW: MAC and Bcl-2 family proteins conspire in a deadly plot. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1797:1231–1238. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Stevens MF, Werdehausen R, Gaza N, Hermanns H, Kremer D, Bauer I, Küry P, Hollmann MW and Braun S: Midazolam activates the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis independent of benzodiazepine and death receptor signaling. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 36:343–349. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Porter AG and Jänicke RU: Emerging roles of caspase-3 in apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 6:99–104. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zhu Y, Xiao X, Li G, Bu J, Zhou W and Zhou S: Isoflurane anesthesia induces liver injury by regulating the expression of insulin‑like growth factor 1. Exp Ther Med 13: 1608-1613, 2017.
APA
Zhu, Y., Xiao, X., Li, G., Bu, J., Zhou, W., & Zhou, S. (2017). Isoflurane anesthesia induces liver injury by regulating the expression of insulin‑like growth factor 1. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 13, 1608-1613. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4157
MLA
Zhu, Y., Xiao, X., Li, G., Bu, J., Zhou, W., Zhou, S."Isoflurane anesthesia induces liver injury by regulating the expression of insulin‑like growth factor 1". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 13.4 (2017): 1608-1613.
Chicago
Zhu, Y., Xiao, X., Li, G., Bu, J., Zhou, W., Zhou, S."Isoflurane anesthesia induces liver injury by regulating the expression of insulin‑like growth factor 1". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 13, no. 4 (2017): 1608-1613. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4157
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhu Y, Xiao X, Li G, Bu J, Zhou W and Zhou S: Isoflurane anesthesia induces liver injury by regulating the expression of insulin‑like growth factor 1. Exp Ther Med 13: 1608-1613, 2017.
APA
Zhu, Y., Xiao, X., Li, G., Bu, J., Zhou, W., & Zhou, S. (2017). Isoflurane anesthesia induces liver injury by regulating the expression of insulin‑like growth factor 1. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 13, 1608-1613. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4157
MLA
Zhu, Y., Xiao, X., Li, G., Bu, J., Zhou, W., Zhou, S."Isoflurane anesthesia induces liver injury by regulating the expression of insulin‑like growth factor 1". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 13.4 (2017): 1608-1613.
Chicago
Zhu, Y., Xiao, X., Li, G., Bu, J., Zhou, W., Zhou, S."Isoflurane anesthesia induces liver injury by regulating the expression of insulin‑like growth factor 1". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 13, no. 4 (2017): 1608-1613. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4157
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team