Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
July-2017 Volume 14 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
July-2017 Volume 14 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Combining affinity propagation clustering and mutual information network to investigate key genes in fibroid

  • Authors:
    • Qian‑Song Chen
    • Dan Wang
    • Bao‑Lian Liu
    • Shu‑Feng Gao
    • Dan‑Li Gao
    • Gui‑Rong Li
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Gynaecology, Tangshan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China, Department of Reproductive Genetics, Tangshan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 251-259
    |
    Published online on: May 22, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4481
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The aim of the present study was to investigate key genes in fibroids based on the multiple affinity propogation-Krzanowski and Lai (mAP‑KL) method, which included the maxT multiple hypothesis, Krzanowski and Lai (KL) cluster quality index, affinity propagation (AP) clustering algorithm and mutual information network (MIN) constructed by the context likelihood of relatedness (CLR) algorithm. In order to achieve this goal, mAP‑KL was initially implemented to investigate exemplars in fibroid, and the maxT function was employed to rank the genes of training and test sets, and the top 200 genes were obtained for further study. In addition, the KL cluster index was applied to determine the quantity of clusters and the AP clustering algorithm was conducted to identify the clusters and their exemplars. Subsequently, the support vector machine (SVM) model was selected to evaluate the classification performance of mAP‑KL. Finally, topological properties (degree, closeness, betweenness and transitivity) of exemplars in MIN constructed according to the CLR algorithm were assessed to investigate key genes in fibroid. The SVM model validated that the classification between normal controls and fibroid patients by mAP‑KL had a good performance. A total of 9 clusters and exemplars were identified based on mAP‑KL, which were comprised of CALCOCO2, COL4A2, COPS8, SNCG, PA2G4, C17orf70, MARK3, BTNL3 and TBC1D13. By accessing the topological analysis for exemplars in MIN, SNCG and COL4A2 were identified as the two most significant genes of four types of methods, and they were denoted as key genes in the progress of fibroid. In conclusion, two key genes (SNCG and COL4A2) and 9 exemplars were successfully investigated, and these may be potential biomarkers for the detection and treatment of fibroid.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

Frey BJ and Dueck D: Clustering by passing messages between data points. Science. 315:972–976. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Bodenhofer U, Kothmeier A and Hochreiter S: APCluster: An R package for affinity propagation clustering. Bioinformatics. 27:2463–2464. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Kiddle SJ, Windram OP, McHattie S, Mead A, Beynon J, Buchanan-Wollaston V, Denby KJ and Mukherjee S: Temporal clustering by affinity propagation reveals transcriptional modules in Arabidopsis thaliana. Bioinformatics. 26:355–362. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Woźniak M, Tiuryn J and Dutkowski J: MODEVO: Exploring modularity and evolution of protein interaction networks. Bioinformatics. 26:1790–1791. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Wang CW, Chen KT and Lu CL: iPARTS: An improved tool of pairwise alignment of RNA tertiary structures. Nucleic Acids Res. 38:(Web Server issue). W340–W347. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Sakellariou A, Sanoudou D and Spyrou G: Combining multiple hypothesis testing and affinity propagation clustering leads to accurate, robust and sample size independent classification on gene expression data. BMC bioinformatics. 13:2702012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Krzanowski WJ and Lai Y: A criterion for determining the number of groups in a data set using sum-of-squares clustering. Biometrics. 44:23–34. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Liu ZP, Wang Y, Zhang XS and Chen L: Network-based analysis of complex diseases. IET Syst Biol. 6:22–33. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Chen L, Wang RS and Zhang XS: Reconstruction of Gene Regulatory NetworksBiomolecular Networks. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; pp. 47–87. 2009, View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Wylie D, Shelton J, Choudhary A and Adai AT: A novel mean-centering method for normalizing microRNA expression from high-throughput RT-qPCR data. BMC Res Notes. 4:5552011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Cheadle C, Vawter MP, Freed WJ and Becker KG: Analysis of microarray data using Z score transformation. J Mol Diagn. 5:73–81. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Bolstad BM, Irizarry RA, Astrand M and Speed TP: A comparison of normalization methods for high density oligonucleotide array data based on variance and bias. Bioinformatics. 19:185–193. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Ballman KV, Grill DE, Oberg AL and Therneau TM: Faster cyclic loess: Normalizing RNA arrays via linear models. Bioinformatics. 20:2778–2786. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Pollard K, Dudoit S and van der Laan M: Multiple testing procedures: R multtest package and applications to genomics. UC Berkeley Division of Biostatistics Working Paper Series. Working Paper 164. http://www.bepress.com/ucbbiostat/paper1642004.

15 

Westfall PH and Young SS: Resampling-Based Multiple Testing: Examples and Methods for P-Value Adjustment. John Wiley & Sons; New York: 1993

16 

Sakellariou A, Sanoudou D and Spyrou G: Investigating the minimum required number of genes for the classification of neuromuscular disease microarray data. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed. 15:349–355. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Jeffery IB, Higgins DG and Culhane AC: Comparison and evaluation of methods for generating differentially expressed gene lists from microarray data. BMC Bioinformatics. 7:3592006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

R Development Core Team, . R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing; Vienna: 2012

19 

Chang CC and Lin CJ: LIBSVM: A library for support vector machines. ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST). 2:272011.

20 

Aha DW, Kibler D and Albert MK: Instance-based learning algorithms. Machine Learning. 6:37–66. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Huang J and Ling CX: Using AUC and accuracy in evaluating learning algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering. 17:299–310. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Baldi P, Brunak S, Chauvin Y, Andersen CA and Nielsen H: Assessing the accuracy of prediction algorithms for classification: An overview. Bioinformatics. 16:412–424. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Kantardjieff KA and Rupp B: Matthews coefficient probabilities: Improved estimates for unit cell contents of proteins, DNA and protein-nucleic acid complex crystals. Protein Sci. 12:1865–1871. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Butte AJ and Kohane IS: Mutual information relevance networks: Functional genomic clustering using pairwise entropy measurements. Pac Symp Biocomput. 418–429. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

25 

Faith JJ, Hayete B, Thaden JT, Mogno I, Wierzbowski J, Cottarel G, Kasif S, Collins JJ and Gardner TS: Large-scale mapping and validation of Escherichia coli transcriptional regulation from a compendium of expression profiles. PLoS Biol. 5:e82007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Meyer PE, Lafitte F and Bontempi G: Minet: AR/Bioconductor package for inferring large transcriptional networks using mutual information. BMC Bioinformatics. 9:4612008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Csardi G and Nepusz T: Igraph-package. 2008, http://cneurocvs.rmki.kfki.hu/igraph/doc/R/aaa-igraph-package.html

28 

Haythornthwaite C: Social network analysis: An approach and technique for the study of information exchange. Library & Information Science Research. 18:323–342. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Wasserman S: Social network analysis: Methods and applications. Cambridge Univ Press. 25:111994.

30 

Barthelemy M: Betweenness centrality in large complex networks. Eur Physical J B. 38:163–168. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Schank T and Wagner D: Approximating clustering-coefficient and transitivity. J Graph Algorithms Applications. 9:265–275. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Islam MS, Protic O, Giannubilo SR, Toti P, Tranquilli AL, Petraglia F, Castellucci M and Ciarmela P: Uterine leiomyoma: Available medical treatments and new possible therapeutic options. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 98:921–934. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Bulun SE: Uterine fibroids. N Engl J Med. 369:1344–1355. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Zivanovic O, Jacks LM, Iasonos A, Leitao MM Jr, Soslow RA, Veras E, Chi DS, Abu-Rustum NR, Barakat RR, Brennan MF and Hensley ML: A nomogram to predict postresection 5-year overall survival for patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma. Cancer. 118:660–669. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Lavedan C, Leroy E, Dehejia A, Buchholtz S, Dutra A, Nussbaum RL and Polymeropoulos MH: Identification, localization and characterization of the human gamma-synuclein gene. Hum Genet. 103:106–112. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Zhuang Q, Liu C, Qu L and Shou C: Synuclein-γ promotes migration of MCF7 breast cancer cells by activating extracellular-signal regulated kinase pathway and breaking cell-cell junctions. Mol Med Rep. 12:3795–3800. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

37 

Mori K, Akers S, Bshara W, et al: Gamma synuclein expression in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 131:2722013. View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Guo C, Sun L, Liu Q, Xie YB and Wang X: SNCG expression and clinical significance in colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 15:625–628. 2012.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI

39 

Shi L, Zheng S, Zhao Y, Wang JW and Zhan XH: Expressions of SNCG in gastric adenocarcinoma and its clinical significances. Pro Mod Bio. 11:1532–1535. 2011.

40 

Min L, Ma R, Yuan H, Liu CY, Dong B, Zhang C, Zeng Y, Wang L, Guo JP, Qu LK, et al: Combined expression of metastasis related markers Naa10p, SNCG and PRL-3 and its prognostic value in breast cancer patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 16:2819–2826. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Singh VK and Jia Z: Targeting synuclein-gamma to counteract drug resistance in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 12:59–68. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Wang D, Syriac S, Godoy H, Dupont N, Liu S and Odunsi K: Synuclein-γ (SNCG) protein expression is associated with poor outcome in endometrial adenocarcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 124:148–152. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Morgan J, Hoekstra AV, Chapman-Davis E, Hardt JL, Kim JJ and Buttin BM: Synuclein-gamma (SNCG) may be a novel prognostic biomarker in uterine papillary serous carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 114:293–298. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Kuo DS, Labelle-Dumais C and Gould DB: COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations and disease: Insights into pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Hum Mol Genet. 21:R97–R110. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Weston G, Trajstman AC, Gargett CE, Manuelpillai U, Vollenhoven BJ and Rogers PA: Fibroids display an anti-angiogenic gene expression profile when compared with adjacent myometrium. Mol Hum Reprod. 9:541–549. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Poncelet C, Fauvet R, Feldmann G, Walker F, Madelenat P and Darai E: Prognostic value of von Willebrand factor, CD34, CD31, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in women with uterine leiomyosarcomas. J Surg Oncol. 86:84–90. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Gilden M, Malik M, Britten J, Delgado T, Levy G and Catherino WH: Leiomyoma fibrosis inhibited by liarozole, a retinoic acid metabolic blocking agent. Fertil Steril. 98:1557–1562. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Chen QS, Wang D, Liu BL, Gao SF, Gao DL and Li GR: Combining affinity propagation clustering and mutual information network to investigate key genes in fibroid. Exp Ther Med 14: 251-259, 2017.
APA
Chen, Q., Wang, D., Liu, B., Gao, S., Gao, D., & Li, G. (2017). Combining affinity propagation clustering and mutual information network to investigate key genes in fibroid. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 14, 251-259. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4481
MLA
Chen, Q., Wang, D., Liu, B., Gao, S., Gao, D., Li, G."Combining affinity propagation clustering and mutual information network to investigate key genes in fibroid". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 14.1 (2017): 251-259.
Chicago
Chen, Q., Wang, D., Liu, B., Gao, S., Gao, D., Li, G."Combining affinity propagation clustering and mutual information network to investigate key genes in fibroid". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 14, no. 1 (2017): 251-259. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4481
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Chen QS, Wang D, Liu BL, Gao SF, Gao DL and Li GR: Combining affinity propagation clustering and mutual information network to investigate key genes in fibroid. Exp Ther Med 14: 251-259, 2017.
APA
Chen, Q., Wang, D., Liu, B., Gao, S., Gao, D., & Li, G. (2017). Combining affinity propagation clustering and mutual information network to investigate key genes in fibroid. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 14, 251-259. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4481
MLA
Chen, Q., Wang, D., Liu, B., Gao, S., Gao, D., Li, G."Combining affinity propagation clustering and mutual information network to investigate key genes in fibroid". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 14.1 (2017): 251-259.
Chicago
Chen, Q., Wang, D., Liu, B., Gao, S., Gao, D., Li, G."Combining affinity propagation clustering and mutual information network to investigate key genes in fibroid". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 14, no. 1 (2017): 251-259. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4481
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team