|
1
|
Sethi S: Pathogenesis and treatment of
acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Semin
Respir Crit Care Med. 26:192–203. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
2
|
Hirschmann JV: Do bacteria cause
exacerbations of COPD? Chest. 118:193–203. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
3
|
Murphy TF and Sethi S: Bacterial infection
in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis.
146:1067–1083. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
4
|
Monsó E, Ruiz J, Rosell A, Manterola J,
Fiz J, Morera J and Ausina V: Bacterial infection in chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease. A study of stable and exacerbated
outpatients using the protected specimen brush. Am J Respir Crit
Care Med. 152:1316–1320. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
5
|
Burrows B and Earle RH: Course and
prognosis of chronic obstructive lung disease. A prospective study
of 200 patients. N Engl J Med. 280:397–404. 1969. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
6
|
Sohy C, Pilette C, Niederman MS and
Sibille Y: Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease and antibiotics: What studies are still needed? Eur Respir
J. 19:966–975. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
7
|
Nylén ES, Snider RH Jr, Thompson KA,
Rohatgi P and Becker KL: Pneumonitis-associated
hyperprocalcitoninemia. Am J Med Sci. 312:12–18. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
8
|
Nijsten MW, Olinga P, The TH, De Vries EG,
Koops HS, Groothuis GM, Limburg PC, ten Duis HJ, Moshage H,
Hoekstra HJ, et al: Procalcitonin behaves as a fast responding
acute phase protein in vivo and in vitro. Crit Care Med.
28:458–461. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
9
|
Somech R, Zakuth V, Assia A, Jurgenson U
and Spirer Z: Procalcitonin correlates with C-reactive protein as
an acute-phase reactant in pediatric patients. Isr Med Assoc J.
2:147–150. 2000.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
10
|
Assicot M, Gendrel D, Carsin H, Raymond J,
Guilbaud J and Bohuon C: High serum procalcitonin concentrations in
patients with sepsis and infection. Lancet. 341:515–518. 1993.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
11
|
Müller B, Becker KL, Schächinger H,
Rickenbacher PR, Huber PR, Zimmerli W and Ritz R: Calcitonin
precursors are reliable markers of sepsis in a medical intensive
care unit. Crit Care Med. 28:977–983. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
12
|
Vincent JL: Procalcitonin: THE marker of
sepsis? Crit Care Med. 28:1226–1228. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
13
|
Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW,
Anderson JL, Cannon RO III, Criqui M, Fadl YY, Fortmann SP, Hong Y,
Myers GL, et al: Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular
disease: application to clinical and public health practice: A
statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association.
Circulation. 107:499–511. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
14
|
Lin KH, Wang FL, Wu MS, Jiang BY, Kao WL,
Chao HY, Wu JY and Lee CC: Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive
protein levels as markers of bacterial infection in patients with
liver cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diagn
Microbiol Infect Dis. 80:72–78. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
15
|
Rangel-Frausto MS, Pittet D, Costigan M,
Hwang T, Davis CS and Wenzel RP: The natural history of the
systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS). A prospective study.
JAMA. 273:117–123. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
16
|
Shimetani N, Ohba Y, Shimetani K, Mashiko
T, Matsuyama N, Ohtani H and Morii M: Assay for determination of
the serum procalcitonin level: Biochemical and clinical evaluation.
Rinsho Byori. 49:56–60. 2001.(In Japanese). PubMed/NCBI
|
|
17
|
Lieberman D, Lieberman D, Shmarkov O,
Gelfer Y, Ben-Yaakov M, Lazarovich Z and Boldur I: Serological
evidence of Legionella species infection in acute exacerbation of
COPD. Eur Respir J. 19:392–397. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
18
|
Peng C, Tian C, Zhang Y, Yang X, Feng Y
and Fan H: C-reactive protein levels predict bacterial exacerbation
in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med
Sci. 345:190–194. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
19
|
Polzin A, Pletz M, Erbes R, Raffenberg M,
Mauch H, Wagner S, Arndt G and Lode H: Procalcitonin as a
diagnostic tool in lower respiratory tract infections and
tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. 21:939–943. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
20
|
Stolz D, Christ-Crain M, Gencay MM,
Bingisser R, Huber PR, Müller B and Tamm M: Diagnostic value of
signs, symptoms and laboratory values in lower respiratory tract
infection. Swiss Med Wkly. 136:434–440. 2006.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
21
|
Pazarli AC, Koseoglu HI, Doruk S, Sahin S,
Etikan I, Celikel S and Berktas B: Procalcitonin: Is it a predictor
of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation necessity in acute
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation? J Res Med Sci.
17:1047–1051. 2012.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
22
|
Tanrıverdi H, Örnek T, Erboy F, Altınsoy
B, Uygur F, Atalay F and Tor MM: Comparison of diagnostic values of
procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and blood neutrophil/lymphocyte
ratio levels in predicting bacterial infection in hospitalized
patients with acute exacerbations of COPD. Wien Klin Wochenschr.
127:756–763. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
23
|
Yeh ET and Willerson JT: Coming of age of
C-reactive protein: Using inflammation markers in cardiology.
Circulation. 107:370–371. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
24
|
Dev D, Wallace E, Sankaran R, Cunniffe J,
Govan JR, Wathen CG and Emmanuel FX: Value of C-reactive protein
measurements in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease. Respir Med. 92:664–667. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
25
|
Hurst JR, Donaldson GC, Perera WR,
Wilkinson TM, Bilello JA, Hagan GW, Vessey RS and Wedzicha JA: Use
of plasma biomarkers at exacerbation of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 174:867–874. 2006.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
26
|
Bircan A, Gokirmak M, Kilic O, Ozturk O
and Akkaya A: C-reactive protein levels in patients with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease: Role of infection. Med Princ Pract.
17:202–208. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
27
|
Stockley RA, OBrien C, Pye A and Hill SL:
Relationship of sputum color to nature and outpatient management of
acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest. 117:1638–1645. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
28
|
Gompertz S, O'Brien C, Bayley DL, Hill SL
and Stockley RA: Changes in bronchial inflammation during acute
exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Eur Respir J. 17:112–1119.
2001. View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
29
|
Monsó E, Garcia-Aymerich J, Soler N,
Farrero E, Felez MA, Antó JM and Torres A: EFRAM Investigators:
Bacterial infection in exacerbated COPD with changes in sputum
characteristics. Epidemiol Infect. 131:799–804. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
30
|
Stolz D, Christ-Crain M, Bingisser R,
Leuppi J, Miedinger D, Müller C, Huber P, Müller B and Tamm M:
Antibiotic treatment of exacerbations of COPD: a randomized,
controlled trial comparing procalcitonin-guidance with standard
therapy. Chest. 131:9–19. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
31
|
Weis N and Almdal T: C-reactive protein -
can it be used as a marker of infection in patients with
exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Eur J Intern
Med. 17:88–91. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
