Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
December-2017 Volume 14 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2017 Volume 14 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Inhibition of chemotherapy‑induced apoptosis of testicular cells by squid ink polysaccharide

  • Authors:
    • Yi‑Peng Gu
    • Xiao‑Mei Yang
    • Zhen‑Hua Duan
    • Ping Luo
    • Jiang‑Hua Shang
    • Wei Xiao
    • Ye‑Xing Tao
    • Da‑Yan Zhang
    • Yun‑Bo Zhang
    • Hua‑Zhong Liu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Institute of Food Research, Hezhou University, Hezhou, Guangxi 542899, P.R. China, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, P.R. China, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Gu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 5889-5895
    |
    Published online on: October 18, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5342
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms driving the protective effects of squid ink polysaccharide (SIP) against cyclophosphamide (CP)‑induced testicular damage, focusing on germ cells. In the testes of mice exposed to CP and/or SIP, the present study examined the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde, activity of superoxide dismutase levels, protein expression levels of B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), Bcl2‑associated X protein (Bax), and total Caspase 3, activation of p‑p38 and p‑Akt proteins, and tissue morphology. The findings indicated that CP induced ROS production and oxidative stress, resulting in testicular damage. However, under administration of SIP, oxidative stress was impaired and the testicular toxicity induced by CP was weakened, which implied that SIP may have an important role in preventing chemotherapeutic damage to the male reproductive system via promoting antioxidant ability. Furthermore, the altered expression levels, including the upregulation of Bax and Caspase 3, downregulation of Bcl‑2 and the increased Bax/Bcl‑2 ratio, indicated that apoptosis occurred in CP exposed testes of mice; however, the alterations were reversed in mice treated with SIP. Moreover, in CP‑exposed testes, p38 and Akt proteins were significantly phosphorylated (P<0.05), whereas in the testes of mice co‑treated with SIP and CP, phosphorylation of the two proteins was inhibited, demonstrating that the two signalling pathways participated in the regulative processes of the deleterious effects caused by CP, and the preventive effects SIP mediated.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

Le XY, Luo P, Gu YP, Tao YX and Liu HZ: Interventional effects of squid ink polysaccharides on cyclophosphamide-associated testicular damage in mice. Bratisl Lek Listy. 116:334–339. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

2 

Mythili Y, Sudharsan PT, Selvakumar E and Varalakshmi P: Protective effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on cyclophosphamide induced oxidative cardiac injury. Chem Biol Interact. 151:13–19. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Aguilar-Mahecha A, Hales B and Robaire B: Effects of acute and chronic cyclophosphamide treatment on meiotic progression and the induction of DNA double-strand breaks in rat spermatocytes. Biol Reprod. 72:1297–1304. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Zhang J, Ma K and Wang H: Cyclophosphamide suppresses thioredoxin reductase in bladder tissue and its adaptive response via inductions of thioredoxin reductase and gluththione peroxidase. Chem Biol Interact. 162:24–30. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Faleiro L and Lazebnik Y: Caspases disrupt the nuclear-cytoplasmic barrier. J Cell Biol. 151:951–959. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Wu Z, Wu L, Li L, Tashiro S, Onodera S and Ikejima T: p53-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by shikonin via a caspase-9-dependent mechanism in human malignant melanoma A375-S2 cells. J Pharmacol Sci. 94:166–176. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Maiuri MC, Tasdemir E, Criollo A, Morselli E, Vicencio JM, Carnuccio R and Kroemer G: Control of autophagy by oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Cell Death Differ. 16:87–93. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Simon HU, Haj-Yehia A and Levi-Schaffer F: Role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in apoptosis induction. Apoptosis. 5:415–418. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Zhang Y, Zhang X, Rabbani ZN, Jackson IL and Vujaskovic Z: Oxidative stress mediates radiation lung injury by inducing apoptosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 83:740–748. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Cai L, Hales BF and Robaire B: Induction of apoptosis in the germ cells of adult male rats after exposure to cyclophosphamide. Biol Reprod. 56:1490–1497. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Zong A, Zhao T, Zhang Y, Song X, Shi Y, Cao H, Liu C, Cheng Y, Qu X, Cao J and Wang F: Anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic activities of sulfated polysaccharide of Sepiella maindroni ink. Carbohyd Polym. 91:403–409. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Zuo T, He X, Cao L, Xue C and Tang QJ: The dietary polysaccharide from Ommastrephes bartrami prevents chemotherapeutic mucositis by promoting the gene expression of antimicrobial peptides in Paneth cells. J Funct Foods. 12:530–539. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Zuo T, Cao L, Xue C and Tang QJ: Dietary squid ink polysaccharide induced goblet cells to protect small intestine from chemotherapy induced injury. Food Funct. 6:981–986. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Tang Q, Zuo T, Lu S, Wu J, Wang J, Zheng R, Chen S and Xue C: Dietary squid ink polysaccharides ameliorated the intestinal microflora dysfunction in mice undergoing chemotherapy. Food Funct. 5:2529–2535. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Zuo T, Cao L, Li X, Zhang Q, Xue C and Tang QJ: The squid ink polysaccharides protect tight junctions and adherens junctions from chemotherapeutic injury in the small intestinal epithelium of mice. Nutr Cancer. 67:364–371. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Zuo T, Cao L, Sun X, Li X, Wu J, Lu S, Xue C and Tang Q: Dietary squid ink polysaccharide could enhance SIgA secretion in chemotherapeutic mice. Food Funct. 5:3189–3196. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Chen S, Xu J, Xue C, Dong P, Sheng W, Yu G and Chai W: Sequence determination of a non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan-like polysaccharide from melanin-free ink of the squid Ommastrephes bartrami by negative-ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Glycoconj J. 25:481–492. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Liu HZ, Wang G, Wu JL, Shi LS, Zhong JP and Pan JQ: Amelioratory effects of squid ink polysaccharides on partial internal organs injuried by cyclophosphamide. Chinese J Mod Appl Pharm. 2:89–93. 2012.

19 

Staub AM: Removal of protein-Sevag method. Methods Carbohydrate Chem. 5:5–6. 1965.

20 

Le X, Luo P, Gu Y, Tao Y and Liu H: Squid ink polysaccharides reduces cyclophosphamide-induced testicular damage via Nrf2/ARE activation pathway in mice. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 18:827–831. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

21 

Elangovan N, Chiou TJ, Tzeng WF and Chu ST: Cyclophosphamide treatment causes impairment of sperm and its fertilizing ability in mice. Toxicology. 222:60–70. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Brodsky RA: High-dose cyclophosphamide for autoimmunity and alloimmunity. Immunol Res. 47:179–184. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Motoyoshi Y, Kaminoda K, Saitoh O, Hamasaki K, Nakao K, Ishii N, Nagayama Y and Eguchi K: Different mechanisms for anti-tumor effects of low- and high-dose cyclophosphamide. Oncol Rep. 16:141–146. 2006.PubMed/NCBI

24 

Guittin P, Labbe V, Cavalier JC, Delongeas JL and Hodge T: Effects of cyclophosphamide administration on different fertility evaluation tests in male rats. Teratology. 53:30A1996.

25 

Luboshitzky R, Shen-Orr Z and Herer P: Seminal plasma melatonin and gonadal steroids concentrations in normal men. Arch Androl. 48:225–232. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Martin CW, Riley SC, Everington D, Groome NP, Riemersma RA, Baird DT and Anderson RA: Dose-finding study of oral desogestrel with testosterone pellets for suppression of the pituitary-testicular axis in normal men. Hum Reprod. 15:1515–1524. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Iuchi Y, Kaneko T, Matsuki S, Ishii T, Ikeda Y, Uchida K and Fujii J: Carbonyl stress and detoxification ability in the male genital tract and testis of rats. Histochem Cell Biol. 121:123–130. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Selvakumar E, Prahalathan C, Sudharsan PT and Varalakshmi P: Protective effect of lipoic acid on cyclophosphamide-induced testicular toxicity. Clin Chim Acta. 367:114–119. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Motawi TM, Sadik NA and Refaat A: Cytoprotective effects of DL-alpha-lipoic acid or squalene on cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative injury: An experimental study on rat myocardium, testicles and urinary bladder. Food Chem Toxicol. 48:2326–2336. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Tinari A, Garofalo T, Sorice M, Esposti MD and Malorni W: Mitoptosis: Different pathways for mitochondrial execution. Autophagy. 3:282–284. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Lindsay J, Esposti MD and Gilmore AP: Bcl-2 proteins and mitochondria-specificity in membrane targeting for death. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1813:532–539. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Xie N, Li H, Wei D, LeSaga G, Chen L, Wang S, Zhang Y, Chi L, Ferslew K, He L, et al: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 and p38 MAPK are required for opioid-induced microglia apoptosis. Neuropharmacology. 59:444–451. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Cardone MH, Roy N, Stennicke HR, Salvesen GS, Franke TF, Stanbridge E, Frisch S and Reed JC: Regulation of cell death protease caspase-9 by phosphorylation. Science. 282:1318–1321. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Niquet J and Wasterlain CG: Bim, Bad, and Bax: A deadly combination in epileptic seizures. J Clin Invest. 113:960–962. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Jeong SJ, Pise-Masison CA, Radonovich MF, Park HU and Brady JN: Activated AKT regulates NF-kappaB activation, p53 inhibition and cell survival in HTLV-1-transformed cells. Oncogene. 24:6719–6728. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Goswami A, Burikhanov R, de Thonel A, Fujita N, Goswami M, Zhao Y, Eriksson JE, Tsuruo T and Rangnekar VM: Binding and phosphorylation of par-4 by akt is essential for cancer cell survival. Mol Cell. 20:33–44. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Dan HC, Sun M, Kaneko S, Feldman RI, Nicosia SV, Wang HG, Tsang BK and Cheng JQ: Akt phosphorylation and stabilization of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). J Biol Chem. 291:228462016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Chang F, Lee JT, Navolanic PN, Steelman LS, Shelton JG, Blalock WL, Franklin RA and McCubrey JA: Involvement of PI3K/Akt pathway in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and neoplastic transformation: A target for cancer chemotherapy. Leukemia. 17:590–603. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Gu YP, Yang XM, Duan ZH, Luo P, Shang JH, Xiao W, Tao YX, Zhang DY, Zhang YB, Liu HZ, Liu HZ, et al: Inhibition of chemotherapy‑induced apoptosis of testicular cells by squid ink polysaccharide. Exp Ther Med 14: 5889-5895, 2017.
APA
Gu, Y., Yang, X., Duan, Z., Luo, P., Shang, J., Xiao, W. ... Liu, H. (2017). Inhibition of chemotherapy‑induced apoptosis of testicular cells by squid ink polysaccharide. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 14, 5889-5895. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5342
MLA
Gu, Y., Yang, X., Duan, Z., Luo, P., Shang, J., Xiao, W., Tao, Y., Zhang, D., Zhang, Y., Liu, H."Inhibition of chemotherapy‑induced apoptosis of testicular cells by squid ink polysaccharide". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 14.6 (2017): 5889-5895.
Chicago
Gu, Y., Yang, X., Duan, Z., Luo, P., Shang, J., Xiao, W., Tao, Y., Zhang, D., Zhang, Y., Liu, H."Inhibition of chemotherapy‑induced apoptosis of testicular cells by squid ink polysaccharide". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 14, no. 6 (2017): 5889-5895. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5342
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Gu YP, Yang XM, Duan ZH, Luo P, Shang JH, Xiao W, Tao YX, Zhang DY, Zhang YB, Liu HZ, Liu HZ, et al: Inhibition of chemotherapy‑induced apoptosis of testicular cells by squid ink polysaccharide. Exp Ther Med 14: 5889-5895, 2017.
APA
Gu, Y., Yang, X., Duan, Z., Luo, P., Shang, J., Xiao, W. ... Liu, H. (2017). Inhibition of chemotherapy‑induced apoptosis of testicular cells by squid ink polysaccharide. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 14, 5889-5895. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5342
MLA
Gu, Y., Yang, X., Duan, Z., Luo, P., Shang, J., Xiao, W., Tao, Y., Zhang, D., Zhang, Y., Liu, H."Inhibition of chemotherapy‑induced apoptosis of testicular cells by squid ink polysaccharide". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 14.6 (2017): 5889-5895.
Chicago
Gu, Y., Yang, X., Duan, Z., Luo, P., Shang, J., Xiao, W., Tao, Y., Zhang, D., Zhang, Y., Liu, H."Inhibition of chemotherapy‑induced apoptosis of testicular cells by squid ink polysaccharide". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 14, no. 6 (2017): 5889-5895. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5342
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team