Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
January-2018 Volume 15 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
January-2018 Volume 15 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Effects of atorvastatin on porcine aqueous humour outflow and trabecular meshwork cells

  • Authors:
    • Lin Cong
    • Shuhao Fu
    • Jinling Zhang
    • Jin Zhao
    • Yuyan Zhang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Cong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 210-216
    |
    Published online on: October 23, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5353
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) with complex pathogenesis is one of the many major causes of blindness. It is widely accepted that the major cause of POAG is the dysregulation of the trabecular meshwork (TM), which regulates the resistance to aqueous humour outflow. Intraocular pressure is elevated with increasing outflow resistance in the conventional pathway, which consists of the TM and Schlemm's canal. The TM is a filter made up of extracellular matrix (e.g., collagens), most of which is organized into a network of beams covered by endothelial‑like trabecular cells. Currently, lack of effective anti‑glaucoma drugs acting on TM to normalize trabecular outflow represents a bottleneck for POAG therapy. Atorvastatin, a lipid‑lowering drug, has been proven to be of benefit for POAG. The present study aimed to investigate the possible mechanisms of action of atorvastatin on the TM by using a porcine aqueous humour outflow model in vivo and TM cells in vitro. Perfusion of enucleated porcine eyes with atorvastatin (50‑200 µM) for 2 h increased aqueous humour outflow (P<0.05, n=6), possibly via regulating the morphology of TM cells and the distribution of the cytoskeleton. Atorvastatin decreased adhesion molecules at the mRNA and protein level. No cytotoxicity of atorvastatin on TM cells was observed at concentrations of <100 µM. The atorvastatin‑induced effects mentioned above were reversible after removal of the compound only if the atorvastatin concentration was <100 µM. The present study demonstrated that atorvastatin efficaciously elevated aqueous humour outflow, possibly due to affecting TM‑cell morphology, cytoskeleton and cell junctions. Statins may be potential therapeutic agents for lowering intraocular pressure in POAG.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Overby DR, Stamer WD and Johnson M: The changing paradigm of outflow resistance generation: Towards synergistic models of the JCT and inner wall endothelium. Exp Eye Res. 88:656–670. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Fuchshofer R and Tamm ER: Modulation of extracellular matrix turnover in the trabecular meshwork. Exp Eye Res. 88:683–688. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Grant WM: Experimental aqueous perfusion in enucleated human eyes. Arch Ophthalmol. 69:783–801. 1963. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Picht G, Welge-Luessen U, Grehn F and Lütjen-Drecoll E: Transforming growth factor beta 2 levels in the aqueous humor in different types of glaucoma and the relation to filtering bleb development. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 239:199–207. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Johnson M: What controls aqueous humour outflow resistance? Exp Eye Res. 82:1–557. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Tamm ER and Fuchshofer R: What increases outflow resistance in primary open-angle glaucoma? Surv Ophthalmol. 52(Suppl 2): S101–S104. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Ethier CR, Read AT and Chan DW: Effects of latrunculin-B on outflow facility and trabecular meshwork structure in human eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 47:1991–1998. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Bahler CK, Hann CR, Fautsch MP and Johnson DH: Pharmacologic disruption of Schlemm's canal cells and outflow facility in anterior segments of human eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 45:2246–2254. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Hu Y, Gabelt BT and Kaufman PL: Monkey organ-cultured anterior segments: Technique and response to H-7. Exp Eye Res. 82:1100–1108. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Tian B, Gabelt BT, Geiger B and Kaufman PL: The role of the actomyosin system in regulating trabecular fluid outflow. Exp Eye Res. 88:713–717. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Bornstein P: Matricellular proteins: An overview. J Cell Commun Signal. 3:163–165. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Haddadin RI, Oh DJ, Kang MH, Filippopoulos T, Gupta M, Hart L, Sage EH and Rhee DJ: SPARC-null mice exhibit lower intraocular pressures. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 50:3771–3777. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Clark AF and Pang IH: Advances in glaucoma therapeutics. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 7:141–163. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Cai S, Liu X, Glasser A, Volberg T, Filla M, Geiger B, Polansky JR and Kaufman PL: Effect of latrunculin-A on morphology and actin-associated adhesions of cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. Mol Vis. 6:132–143. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

15 

Rao PV, Deng PF, Kumar J and Epstein DL: Modulation of aqueous humor outflow facility by the Rho kinase-specific inhibitor Y-27632. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 42:1029–1037. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

16 

Gabelt BT, Hu Y, Vittitow JL, Rasmussen CR, Grosheva I, Bershadsky AD, Geiger B, Borrás T and Kaufman PL: Caldesmon transgene expression disrupts focal adhesions in HTM cells and increases outflow facility in organ-cultured human and monkey anterior segments. Exp Eye Res. 82:935–944. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, Whitney E, Shapiro DR, Beere PA, Langendorfer A, Stein EA, Kruyer W and Gotto AM Jr: Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: Results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air force/texas coronary atherosclerosis prevention study. JAMA. 279:1615–1622. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Endo A: The discovery and development of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. J Lipid Res. 33:1569–1582. 1992.PubMed/NCBI

19 

Vaughan CJ and Delanty N: Neuroprotective properties of statins in cerebral ischemia and stroke. Stroke. 30:1969–1973. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Zacco A, Togo J, Spence K, Ellis A, Lloyd D, Furlong S and Piser T: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors protect cortical neurons from excitotoxicity. J Neurosci. 23:11104–11111. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

21 

Schmeer C, Kretz A and Isenmann S: Statin-mediated protective effects in the central nervous system: General mechanisms and putative role of stress proteins. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 24:79–95. 2006.PubMed/NCBI

22 

Yin H, Gui Y and Zheng XL: 2-methoxyestradiol inhibits atorvastatin-induced rounding of human vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Physiol. 222:556–564. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

23 

Song J, Deng PF, Stinnett SS, Epstein DL and Rao PV: Effects of cholesterol-lowering statins on the aqueous humor outflow pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 46:2424–2432. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Burridge K and Wennerberg K: Rho and Rac take center stage. Cell. 116:167–179. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Etienne-Manneville S and Hall A: Rho GTPases in cell biology. Nature. 420:629–635. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Kaibuchi K, Kuroda S and Amano M: Regulation of the cytoskeleton and cell adhesion by the Rho family GTPases in mammalian cells. Annu Rev Biochem. 68:459–486. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Somlyo AP and Somlyo AV: Signal transduction through the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway in smooth muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 25:613–615. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

28 

Wang J, Liu X and Zhong Y: Rho/Rho-associated kinase pathway in glaucoma (Review). Int J Oncol. 43:1357–1367. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Stein JD, Newman-Casey PA, Talwar N, Nan B, Richards JE and Musch DC: The relationship between statin use and open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 119:2074–2081. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

De Castro DK, Punjabi OS, Bostrom AG, Stamper RL, Lietman TM, Ray K and Lin SC: Effect of statin drugs and aspirin on progression in open-angle glaucoma suspects using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 35:506–513. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Openkova YY, Korobeiynikova EN, Rykin VS and Vinkova GA: The analysis of status of biochemical indicators in blood serum and lacrimal fluid in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Klin Lab Diagn. 8–11. 2013.(In Russian). PubMed/NCBI

32 

DiNicolantonio JJ, Lavie CJ, Serebruany VL and O'Keefe JH: Statin wars: The heavyweight match-atorvastatin versus rosuvastatin for the treatment of atherosclerosis, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. Postgrad Med. 125:7–16. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Stoekenbroek RM, Boekholdt SM, Fayyad R, Laskey R, Tikkanen MJ, Pedersen TR and Hovingh GK; Incremental Decrease in End Points Through Aggressive Lipid Lowering Study Group, : High-dose atorvastatin is superior to moderate-dose simvastatin in preventing peripheral arterial disease. Heart. 101:356–362. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Sillesen H, Amarenco P, Hennerici MG, Callahan A, Goldstein LB, Zivin J, Messig M and Welch KM: Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels Investigators: Atorvastatin reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with carotid atherosclerosis: A secondary analysis of the stroke prevention by aggressive reduction in cholesterol levels (SPARCL) trial. Stroke. 39:3297–3302. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Zhang Y, Toris CB, Liu Y, Ye W and Gong H: Morphological and hydrodynamic correlates in monkey eyes with laser induced glaucoma. Exp Eye Res. 89:748–756. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Polansky JR, Weinreb RN, Baxter JD and Alvarado J: Human trabecular cells. I. Establishment in tissue culture and growth characteristics. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 18:1043–1049. 1979.PubMed/NCBI

37 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Barany EH and Gassmann HB: The effect of death on outflow resistance in normal and sympathectomized rabbit eyes. Invest Ophthalmol. 4:206–210. 1965.PubMed/NCBI

39 

Erickson-Lamy K, Schroeder AM, Bassett-Chu S and Epstein DL: Absence of time-dependent facility increase (“washout”) in the perfused enucleated human eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 31:2384–2388. 1990.PubMed/NCBI

40 

Vaajanen A, Vapaatalo H and Oksala O: A modified in vitro method for aqueous humor outflow studies in enucleated porcine eyes. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 23:124–131. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Rao PV, Deng P, Sasaki Y and Epstein DL: Regulation of myosin light chain phosphorylation in the trabecular meshwork: Role in aqueous humour outflow facility. Exp Eye Res. 80:197–206. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Khurana RN, Deng PF, Epstein DL and Rao P Vasantha: The role of protein kinase C in modulation of aqueous humor outflow facility. Exp Eye Res. 76:39–47. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Epstein DL, Roberts BC and Skinner LL: Nonsulfhydryl-reactive phenoxyacetic acids increase aqueous humor outflow facility. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 38:1526–1534. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

44 

Pokrovskaya O, Wallace D and O'Brien C: The emerging role of statins in glaucoma pathological mechanisms and therapeutics. Open J Ophthalmol. 4:124–138. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Cong L, Fu S, Zhang J, Zhao J and Zhang Y: Effects of atorvastatin on porcine aqueous humour outflow and trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Ther Med 15: 210-216, 2018.
APA
Cong, L., Fu, S., Zhang, J., Zhao, J., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Effects of atorvastatin on porcine aqueous humour outflow and trabecular meshwork cells. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 15, 210-216. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5353
MLA
Cong, L., Fu, S., Zhang, J., Zhao, J., Zhang, Y."Effects of atorvastatin on porcine aqueous humour outflow and trabecular meshwork cells". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 15.1 (2018): 210-216.
Chicago
Cong, L., Fu, S., Zhang, J., Zhao, J., Zhang, Y."Effects of atorvastatin on porcine aqueous humour outflow and trabecular meshwork cells". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 15, no. 1 (2018): 210-216. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5353
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Cong L, Fu S, Zhang J, Zhao J and Zhang Y: Effects of atorvastatin on porcine aqueous humour outflow and trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Ther Med 15: 210-216, 2018.
APA
Cong, L., Fu, S., Zhang, J., Zhao, J., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Effects of atorvastatin on porcine aqueous humour outflow and trabecular meshwork cells. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 15, 210-216. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5353
MLA
Cong, L., Fu, S., Zhang, J., Zhao, J., Zhang, Y."Effects of atorvastatin on porcine aqueous humour outflow and trabecular meshwork cells". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 15.1 (2018): 210-216.
Chicago
Cong, L., Fu, S., Zhang, J., Zhao, J., Zhang, Y."Effects of atorvastatin on porcine aqueous humour outflow and trabecular meshwork cells". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 15, no. 1 (2018): 210-216. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5353
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team