Antiproliferation activities of NK4 on multiple myeloma

Introduction

Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy. To date, MM remains an incurable disease (1). Despite the development of novel drugs for MM, patients have a median survival of 5 years due to the resistance to these agents (1). Identifying novel targets for MM treatment is crucial. The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been demonstrated to promote MM cell growth (2). Binding of HGF to the tyrosine-protein kinase (c-Met) receptor activates a signaling cascade, which regulates growth and survival of cancer cells (3). c-Met and its ligand HGF are overexpressed in the human MM cell lines JJN-3, U-266, OH-2, JW and primary human MM cells (4). Additionally, HGF/c-Met signaling promotes survival and drug resistance of MM cells in vitro and in vivo (5). Blocking of the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway inhibits MM cell proliferation (6,7).

NK4, a splice variant of HGF in which the heavy chain consists of the N-terminal domain and the four kringle domains, is a specific antagonist of HGF that competes with HGF for c-Met receptor binding to inhibit interactions between HGF and c-Met (8). For the current study, the RPMI 8226 MM cell line in which HGF and c-Met are highly expressed was chosen and adenovirus-mediated overexpression of NK4 was studied to examine antimyeloma effects of NK4 and to investigate underlying mechanisms.

Materials and methods

Cell culture and transduction

RPMI 8226 cells were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA) and cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. The construction of adenovirus (Ad) vectors Ad-NK4 and Ad-green fluorescent protein (GFP) was performed as described previously (9). Transduction of RPMI 8226 cells with Ad-NK4 or Ad-GFP (Ad-Control) was conducted according to a previously reported protocol (10). Cells were collected 48 h after transduction for further analysis.

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis

Total RNA was isolated from untreated, Ad-NK4-transduced and Ad-Control-transduced RPMI 8226 cells using TRIzol reagent (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Haimen, China). mRNA was reverse transcribed to cDNA and the PCR was performed using the Thermoscript RT-PCR System kit (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) according to the manufacturer's protocols. Primers were as follows: NK4 forward 5′-CACGGAAGAGGAGATGAGA-3′ and reverse 5′-AGGCCTGGCAAGCTTCATTA-3′; GAPDH forward 5′-AGCCTCAAGATCATCAGC-3′ and reverse 5′-GAGTCCTTCCACGATACC-3′. PCR amplification consisted of initial denaturation at 94°C for 2 min, then 35 cycles as follows: 15 sec at 94°C for denaturation, 30 sec at 58°C for annealing and 45 sec at 72°C for elongation. Bands separated on 1.5% agarose gels were stained by ethidium bromide and quantified with an image analyzer using Gel-Pro analyzer 4.0 software (Media Cybernetics, Rockville, MD, USA).

Cell proliferation assay

Untreated, Ad-NK4-transduced and Ad-Control-transduced RPMI 8226 cells were seeded in quadruplicate at a density of 2×103 cells/well in 96-well plates and cultured at 37°C for 24, 48 and 72 h. RPMI 1640 medium without cells was provided as the blank control. Subsequently, 20 µl MTT (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) substrate (5 mg/µl in PBS) was added to each well and the plates were incubated at 37°C for 4 h. Following a centrifugation at 400 × g at 4°C for 5 min, supernatants were carefully removed and 200 µl dimethyl sulfoxide was added to each well. Insoluble crystals were dissolved and a colorimetric analysis was performed at 570 nm. The inhibition rate was calculated as follows: 100%-[optical density (OD) Ad-NK4 group/OD blank control]%.

Flow cytometry analysis

A total of 48 h after transduction, 2×105 untreated, Ad-NK4-transduced and Ad-Control-transduced RPMI 8226 cells were washed twice with ice-cold PBS and fixed with 70% ethanol at 4°C overnight. Following washing with PBS, cells were incubated in 0.5 ml PBS containing 50 µg/ml RNase A for 30 min at 37°C and then propidium iodide (PI) was added to achieve the final concentration of 50 µg/ml and incubated for 30 min on ice in the dark following the protocols of a propidium iodide staining kit (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA). Samples were subjected to flow cytometry analysis (Coulter Epics XL; Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea, CA, USA). The percentage of apoptotic cells (sub-G1) and cells in the G0/G1, S and G2/M phases were calculated.

Western blot analysis

Following transduction, untreated, Ad-NK4-transduced and Ad-Control-transduced RPMI 8226 cells were collected by centrifugation at 400 × g at 4°C for 5 min and lysed. Protein concentration was determined using a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) Protein Assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) following the manufacturer's protocol. Equal amounts of protein (20 µg/lane) were separated on 10% SDS/PAGE gels and transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes, which were blocked with TBST containing 5% skimmed milk at 4°C overnight, and then incubated with primary antibodies for cyclin D1 (cat. no. sc-56302), apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (Bcl-2; cat. no. sc-7382), apoptosis regulator BAX (Bax; cat. no. sc-20067), cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4; cat. no. sc-70831), phosphorylated (p)-serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR (p-mTOR; cat. no. sc-293133), NK4 (cat. no. sc-166724), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (P27; cat. no. sc-53906; all 1:500; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA), RAC-α serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt; cat. no. sc-5298), p-Akt (cat. no. sc-271966; both 1:1,000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.), cleaved caspase-3 (cat. no. 9661), cleaved caspase-9 (cat. no. 9505), p-ribosomal protein S6 kinase β-1 (p70S6K; cat. no. 9208) and p-eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (cat. no. 9456; all 1:500; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, MA, USA) for 2 h at room temperature. Following washing with TBST, membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (cat. no. sc-2357; 1:1,500; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) for 2 h at room temperature. Blots were visualized by using the enhanced chemiluminescence reagent kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) and analyzed by using Quantity One 4.0 software (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA).

DNA fragmentation assay

Following transduction, untreated, Ad-NK4-transduced and Ad-Control-transduced RPMI 8226 cells were harvested by centrifugation at 1,600 × g for 5 min at 4°C and washed twice using cold PBS. DNA was extracted using the DNA ladder extraction kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) according to the manufacturer's protocol and separated on 1% agarose gels. DNA ladders were visualized using a Bio-Rad GelDoc XR System (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.).

Statistical analysis

Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation and analyzed by SPSS software for Windows (version 19.0; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). All experiments were repeated at least three times. The significance of differences between two groups was analyzed by Student's t-test, and the significance of differences among multiple groups was analyzed by analysis of variance followed by post-hoc Tukey's test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

NK4 overexpression in RPMI 8226 cells

To confirm adenovirus-mediated overexpression of NK4 in RPMI 8226 cells, RT-qPCR and western blot analysis were conducted. The results presented a significant increase in overexpression of NK4 mediated by AD-NK4 in RPMI 8226 cells compared with the untreated and Ad-GFP RPMI 8226 cells (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. NK4 protein and mRNA expression in RPMI 8226 cells untreated or treated with Ad-GFP or Ad-NK4. (A) NK4 protein expression was detected by western blotting. (B) NK4 mRNA levels were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. GAPDH served as control. Data were obtained from three independent experiments. *P<0.05. Ad, adenovirus; GFP, green fluorescent protein; NK4, a splice variant of hepatocyte growth factor in which the heavy chain consists of the N-terminal domain and the four kringle domains.

NK4 inhibits proliferation of RPMI 8226 cells

It was investigated whether NK4 decreased the proliferation of RPMI 8226 cells. As presented in Fig. 2, compared with the RPMI 8226/Ad-GFP and the untreated RPMI 8226 group, the proliferation ability of RPMI 8226/Ad-NK4 was inhibited by 33.51±1.76%, 52.79±1.88% and 54.24±2.76% at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively.

Figure 2. NK4 inhibits RPMI 8226 cell proliferation. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay in RPMI 8226 cells untreated, treated with Ad-GFP or Ad-NK4 for 24, 48 and 72 h. Data were obtained from three independent experiments. *P<0.05. Ad, adenovirus; GFP, green fluorescent protein; OD, optical density; NK4, a splice variant of hepatocyte growth factor in which the heavy chain consists of the N-terminal domain and the four kringle domains.

NK4 induces G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis in RPMI 8226 cells

To elucidate how NK4 affects cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed. The percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase in RPMI 8226/Ad-NK4 (53.13±2.37%) was increased significantly compared with the RPMI 8226/Ad-GFP (24.41±1.76%) and the untreated RPMI 8226 group (21.18±1.98%; data not shown). The percentage of cells in S phase in RPMI 8226/Ad-NK4 (23.12±1.65%) was decreased significantly compared with the RPMI 8226/Ad-GFP (47.31±1.87%) and the untreated RPMI 8226 group (49.66±2.07%; data not shown). In order to determine the apoptosis in RPMI 8226 cells, a flow cytometry-based analysis of PI-stained cells and DNA fragmentation electrophoresis was performed. As presented in Fig. 3, the apoptotic rate in RPMI 8226/Ad-NK4 (21.23±1.76%) was increased significantly compared with the RPMI 8226/Ad-GFP (4.51±0.29%) and the untreated RPMI 8226 group (3.7±0.32%). The DNA fragmentation assay demonstrated that DNA isolated from RPMI 8226 cells transduced by Ad-NK4 ran like a ladder on agarose electrophoresis, indicating apoptosis in these cells (Fig. 4).

Figure 3. Flow cytometry analysis of NK4 induced apoptosis in RPMI 8226 cells. RPMI 8226 cells were untreated, treated with Ad-GFP or Ad-NK4 for 48 h, the cells at sub-G1 phase were analyzed by flow cytometry. The data were obtained from three independent experiments. Ad, adenovirus; GFP, green fluorescent protein; NK4, a splice variant of hepatocyte growth factor in which the heavy chain consists of the N-terminal domain and the four kringle domains.

Figure 4. DNA fragmentation assay of NK4 induced apoptosis in RPMI 8226 cells. RPMI 8226 cells were untreated, treated with Ad-GFP or Ad-NK4. DNA ladder was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. Ad, adenovirus; GFP, green fluorescent protein; M, DNA marker; NK4, a splice variant of hepatocyte growth factor in which the heavy chain consists of the N-terminal domain and the four kringle domains.

NK4 regulates cell cycle and apoptosis-associated proteins in RPMI 8226 cells

To further elucidate how NK4 affects cell cycle and apoptosis, western blot analysis was performed. As presented in Fig. 5A, protein levels of CDK4 and cyclin D1 were significantly downregulated in RPMI 8226/Ad-NK4 compared with the RPMI 8226/Ad-GFP and the untreated RPMI 8226. Protein levels of p27 were significantly upregulated in RPMI 8226/Ad-NK4 cells compared with the RPMI 8226/Ad-GFP and untreated RPMI 8226 cells. As presented in Fig. 5B and C, protein levels of Bax, cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3 significantly increased, whereas protein levels of Bcl-2 decreased in RPMI 8226/Ad-NK4 cells compared with the RPMI 8226/Ad-GFP and the untreated RPMI 8226 cells.

Figure 5. NK4 modulates the expression of cell proliferation and apoptosis-associated proteins. RPMI 8226 cells were untreated, treated with Ad-GFP or Ad-NK4 for 48 h and protein levels were detected by western blot analysis. (A) Cell cycle-associated proteins, including cyclin D, P27 and CDK4. (B) Apoptosis-associated proteins, including cleaved caspase 3 and 9. (C) Proteins of the Bcl-2 family, including Blc-2 and Bax. GAPDH served as loading control. Data were obtained from three independent experiments. *P<0.05. Ad, adenovirus; GFP, green fluorescent protein; P27, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B; CDK4, cyclin-dependent kinase 4; Bcl-2, apoptosis regulator Bcl-2; Bax, apoptosis regulator BAX; NK4, a splice variant of hepatocyte growth factor in which the heavy chain consists of the N-terminal domain and the four kringle domains.

NK4 regulates the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in RPMI 8226 cells

To clarify the role of NK4 on the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and the proliferation and apoptosis of RPMI 8226 cells, western blot analysis was performed to validate the status of Akt/mTOR signaling. As presented in Fig. 6, levels of p-AKT, p-mTOR, p-p70S6K and p-4BEP-1 significantly decreased in RPMI 8226/Ad-NK4 cells compared with the RPMI 8226/Ad-GFP and the untreated RPMI 8226 cells. No significant difference in the expression level of total Akt in RPMI 8226/Ad-NK4 cells compared with the RPMI 8226/Ad-GFP and the untreated RPMI 8226 cells was observed.

Figure 6. NK4 inhibits the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. RPMI 8226 cells were untreated, treated with Ad-GFP or Ad-NK4 for 48 h and protein levels of t-Akt, p-Akt, p-mTOR, p-p70S6K and p-4EBP-1 were detected by western blot analysis. GAPDH served as loading control. Data were obtained from three independent experiments. *P<0.05. Ad, adenovirus; GFP, green fluorescent protein; p, phosphorylated; Akt, RAC-α serine/threonine-protein kinase; mTOR, serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR; p70S6K, ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1; 4E-BP1, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1; t-Akt, total Akt; NK4, a splice variant of hepatocyte growth factor in which the heavy chain consists of the N-terminal domain and the four kringle domains.

Discussion

Previous studies indicated that NK4 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in several cancer cell lines (11–13). However, antimyeloma activities of NK4 remain to be identified. The current study demonstrated that NK4 possessed antimyeloma effects in vitro. NK4 significantly inhibited the proliferation of human MM RPMI 8226 cells. However, Ad-mediated overexpression of NK4 was not sufficient to completely inhibit the proliferation of MM RPMI 8226 cells, as treated cells still grew at 72 h. It has previously been reported that Ad-NK4 enhances the chemosensitivity of MM RPMI 8226 cells to bortezomib, the first proteasome inhibitor to be used as anti-cancer drug (10). These results suggest that a combined therapy with Ad-NK4 and chemotherapeutic agents may be an effective treatment of MM.

Cell proliferation inhibition is known to be associated with the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest (14,15). Flow cytometry analysis in the present study demonstrated that NK4 induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 in RPMI 8226 cells. A DNA fragmentation assay confirmed the induction of apoptosis by NK4. Members of the Bcl-2 family, including anti- and proapoptotic regulators, serve key roles in cell survival and apoptosis (16). It was reported that NK4 increased 5-fluorouracil sensitivity in cholangiocarcinoma cells by modulating the expression of the Bcl-2 family (17). In the present study, the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 was downregulated, whereas proapoptotic protein Bax was upregulated by NK4, suggesting that NK4 modulated the expression of Bcl-2 family members in RPMI 8226 cells. Caspase family proteins are executors of apoptosis (18). The present study demonstrated that the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9 significantly increased in NK4-treated RPMI 8226 cells compared with untreated or Ad-GFP-treated cells. In addition, the expression levels of cyclin D1 and CDK4, two cell cycle-promoting proteins, were downregulated whereas the levels of p27, a growth suppressor protein, were upregulated by NK4, suggesting that NK4 induced cell cycle arrest. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that NK4 induced apoptosis and arrested cell cycle in RPMI 8226 cells.

Using recombinant Ad containing NK4 cDNA, Du et al (19) reported that NK4 inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in MM cells. These effects may be associated with the inhibition of the activation of c-Met, extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2, signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 and Akt (19). Akt/mTOR signaling serves a crucial role in the regulation of cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis (20). A previous study revealed that knockdown of c-Met enhances the sensitivity to bortezomib in human MM U266 cells by inhibiting Akt/mTOR activation Therefore, in the present study, the mechanism by which NK4 exhibits anti-MM activity was examined and the results demonstrated that NK4 may inhibit Akt⁄mTOR signaling in MM cells.

In conclusion, it was demonstrated that NK4 inhibited cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in RPMI 8226 cells. The apoptotic effect of NK4 may be associated with decreased Bcl-2 level, increased Bax and cleaved caspase 3 and 9 levels and inhibiting Akt/mTOR signaling in RPMI 8226 cells. These findings suggest that NK4 may be a potential agent for the treatment of MM. Further investigations are necessary to explore the detailed mechanism of the underlying apoptotic effect of NK4 on human MM cells both in vitro and in vivo.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

The present study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81500167) and Fujian Provincial Clinical Key Subject Construction Project.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

WQ and SX designed the study. WQ, HL and QY performed the experiments. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References