Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
November-2018 Volume 16 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
November-2018 Volume 16 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

miR‑186 promotes tumor growth in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting apoptotic protease activating factor‑1

  • Authors:
    • Jing Tian
    • Rui Shen
    • Yuzhang Yan
    • Liehua Deng
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China, Department of Plastic Cosmetic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China, Department of Psychiatry, Tianhe District Chronic Disease Prophylactic‑Therapeutic Institution, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510599, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Tian et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 4010-4018
    |
    Published online on: September 3, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.6679
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) accounts for 20% of non‑melanoma skin cancer worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are a subtype of non‑coding RNA associated with the progression of various types of human cancer. MiR‑186 has been demonstrated to act as an oncogene in human tumors. However, the role of miR‑186 in cSCC remains unclear. The expression of miR‑186 and apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (APAF1) was examined using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunofluorescence. The correlation between miR‑186 and APAF1 was determined using a dual‑luciferase assay. Mimics or inhibitors of miR‑186 were transfected into A‑431 cells to establish cell lines with overexpressed or knocked‑down miR‑186, respectively. EdU staining and colony formation assays were performed to detect cell proliferation. Transwell and wound‑healing assays were performed to analyze cell invasion and migration, respectively. Hoechst staining and flow cytometry were performed to assess cell apoptosis and cell cycle distribution. MiR‑186 expression was significantly increased, while APAF1 expression was significantly decreased in cSCC tissues compared with the controls. An miR‑186 binding site was predicted in APAF1 and their expression was negatively correlated in cSCC tissues. Cell proliferation, invasion and migration were significantly enhanced in the miR‑186‑overexpressed A‑431 cells and attenuated in miR‑186 knockdown cells compared with the control. APAF1 expression was regulated by miR‑186, while APAF1 knockdown significantly promoted cell invasion and inhibited cell apoptosis. In summary, the results of the present study indicate that miR‑186 serves as an oncogene in cSCC by inhibiting APAF1.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Gordon R: Skin cancer: An overview of epidemiology and risk factors. Semin Oncol Nurs. 29:160–169. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Linares MA, Zakaria A and Nizran P: Skin cancer. Prim Care. 42:645–659. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Glass AG and Hoover RN: The emerging epidemic of melanoma and squamous cell skin cancer. JAMA. 262:2097–2100. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Dubas LE and Ingraffea A: Nonmelanoma skin cancer. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 21:43–53. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Parekh V and Seykora JT: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Lab Med. 37:503–525. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Green AC and Olsen CM: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: An epidemiological review. Br J Dermatol. 177:373–381. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Leiter U, Gutzmer R, Alter M, Ulrich C, Lonsdorf AS, Sachse MM and Hillen U: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Hautarzt. 67:857–866. 2016.(In German). View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Prieto-Granada C and Rodriguez-Waitkus P: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and related entities: Epidemiology, clinical and histological features, and basic science overview. Curr Probl Cancer. 39:206–215. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Thompson AK, Kelley BF, Prokop LJ, Murad MH and Baum CL: Risk factors for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma recurrence, metastasis and disease-specific death: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 152:419–428. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Trodello C, Pepper JP, Wong M and Wysong A: Cisplatin and cetuximab treatment for metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review. Dermatol Surg. 43:40–49. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Wells JL III and Shirai K: Systemic therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in organ transplant recipients. Am J Clin Oncol. 35:498–503. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Han C, Seebacher NA, Hornicek FJ, Kan Q and Duan Z: Regulation of microRNAs function by circular RNAs in human cancer. Oncotarget. 8:64622–64637. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Self-Fordham JB, Naqvi AR, Uttamani JR, Kulkarni V and Nares S: MicroRNA: Dynamic regulators of macrophage polarization and plasticity. Front Immunol. 8:10622017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Dang RY, Liu FL and Li Y: Circular RNA hsa_circ_0010729 regulates vascular endothelial cell proliferation and apoptosis by targeting the miR-186/HIF-1α axis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 490:104–110. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Liu C, Wang J, Hu Y, Xie H, Liu M and Tang H: Upregulation of kazrin F by miR-186 suppresses apoptosis but promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition to contribute to malignancy in human cervical cancer cells. Chin J Cancer Res. 29:45–56. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Zhang JJ, Wang DD, Du CX and Wang Y: Long noncoding RNA ANRIL promotes cervical cancer development by acting as a sponge of miR-186. Oncol Res. May 22–2017.(Epub ahead of print). View Article : Google Scholar

17 

He X, Ping J and Wen D: MicroRNA-186 regulates the invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer via vascular endothelial growth factor C. Exp Ther Med. 14:3253–3258. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Niu Q, Li X, Xia D, Jiang Y, Tian Z, Bian C, Zhang C, Liu P, Zhang F, Yang Y and Wang G: MicroRNA-186 affects the proliferation of tumor cells via yes-associated protein 1 in the occurrence and development of pancreatic cancer. Exp Ther Med. 14:2094–2100. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Wang Y, Chen F, Zhao M, Yang Z, Li J, Zhang S, Zhang W, Ye L and Zhang X: The long noncoding RNA HULC promotes liver cancer by increasing the expression of the HMGA2 oncogene via sequestration of the microRNA-186. J Biol Chem. 292:15395–15407. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Shakeri R, Kheirollahi A and Davoodi J: Apaf-1: Regulation and function in cell death. Biochimie. 135:111–125. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

De Zio D, Maiani E and Cecconi F: Apaf1 in embryonic development-shaping life by death and more. Int J Dev Biol. 59:33–39. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Hickman ES and Helin K: The regulation of APAF1 expression during development and tumourigenesis. Apoptosis. 7:167–171. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Liu N, Sun YY, Zhang XW, Chen S, Wang Y, Zhang ZX, Song SW, Qiu GB and Fu WN: Oncogenic miR-23a in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinogenesis via inhibiting APAF1. Dig Dis Sci. 60:2000–2008. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Li J, Li Q, Huang H, Li Y, Li L, Hou W and You Z: Overexpression of miRNA-221 promotes cell proliferation by targeting the apoptotic protease activating factor-1 and indicates a poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. Int J Oncol. Mar 7–2017.(Epub ahead of print).

25 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Yesantharao P, Wang W, Ioannidis NM, Demehri S, Whittemore AS and Asgari MM: Cutaneous squamous cell cancer (cSCC) risk and the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. Hum Immunol. 78:327–335. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Karia PS, Morgan FC, Ruiz ES and Schmults CD: Clinical and incidental perineural invasion of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and pooled analysis of outcomes data. JAMA Dermatol. 153:781–788. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Grossi I, Salvi A, Abeni E, Marchina E and De Petro G: Biological function of MicroRNA193a-3p in health and disease. Int J Genomics. 2017:59131952017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Mulholland EJ, Dunne N and McCarthy HO: MicroRNA as therapeutic targets for chronic wound healing. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 8:46–55. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Wei F, Yang S and Wang S: MicroRNAs: A critical regulator under mechanical force. Histol Histopathol. 33:335–342. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

31 

Celano M, Rosignolo F, Maggisano V, Pecce V, Iannone M, Russo D and Bulotta S: MicroRNAs as biomarkers in thyroid carcinoma. Int J Genomics. 2017:64965702017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Shomali N, Mansoori B, Mohammadi A, Shirafkan N, Ghasabi M and Baradaran B: MiR-146a functions as a small silent player in gastric cancer. Biomed Pharmacother. 96:238–245. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Negoi I, Hostiuc S, Sartelli M, Negoi RI and Beuran M: MicroRNA-21 as a prognostic biomarker in patients with pancreatic cancer-A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Surg. 214:515–524. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Jang MH, Kim HJ, Gwak JM, Chung YR and Park SY: Prognostic value of microRNA-9 and microRNA-155 expression in triple-negative breast cancer. Hum Pathol. 68:69–78. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Neu J, Dziunycz PJ, Dzung A, Lefort K, Falke M, Denzler R, Freiberger SN, Iotzova-Weiss G, Kuzmanov A, Levesque MP, et al: miR-181a decelerates proliferation in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by targeting the proto-oncogene KRAS. PLoS One. 12:e01850282017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Fleming JL, Gable DL, Samadzadeh-Tarighat S, Cheng L, Yu L, Gillespie JL and Toland AE: Differential expression of miR-1, a putative tumor suppressing microRNA, in cancer resistant and cancer susceptible mice. PeerJ. 1:e682013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Lefort K, Brooks Y, Ostano P, Cario-André M, Calpini V, Guinea-Viniegra J, Albinger-Hegyi A, Hoetzenecker W, Kolfschoten I, Wagner EF, et al: A miR-34a-SIRT6 axis in the squamous cell differentiation network. EMBO J. 32:2248–2263. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Yamane K, Jinnin M, Etoh T, Kobayashi Y, Shimozono N, Fukushima S, Masuguchi S, Maruo K, Inoue Y, Ishihara T, et al: Down-regulation of miR-124/-214 in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma mediates abnormal cell proliferation via the induction of ERK. J Mol Med (Berl). 91:69–81. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Xu N, Zhang L, Meisgen F, Harada M, Heilborn J, Homey B, Grandér D, Ståhle M, Sonkoly E and Pivarcsi A: MicroRNA-125b down-regulates matrix metallopeptidase 13 and inhibits cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. J Biol Chem. 287:29899–29908. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

He J, Feng X, Hua J, Wei L, Lu Z, Wei W, Cai H, Wang B, Shi W, Ding N, et al: miR-300 regulates cellular radiosensitivity through targeting p53 and apaf1 in human lung cancer cells. Cell Cycle. 16:1943–1953. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Yeung Au CL, Co NN, Tsuruga T, Yeung TL, Kwan SY, Leung CS, Li Y, Lu ES, Kwan K, Wong KK, et al: Exosomal transfer of stroma-derived miR21 confers paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer cells through targeting APAF1. Nat Commun. 7:111502016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Song S, Seo HH, Lee SY, Lee CY, Lee J, Yoo KJ, Yoon C, Choi E, Hwang KC and Lee S: MicroRNA-17-mediated down-regulation of apoptotic protease activating factor 1 attenuates apoptosome formation and subsequent apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 465:299–304. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Zang YS, Zhong YF, Fang Z, Li B and An J: MiR-155 inhibits the sensitivity of lung cancer cells to cisplatin via negative regulation of Apaf-1 expression. Cancer Gene Ther. 19:773–778. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Shang J, Yang F, Wang Y, Wang Y, Xue G, Mei Q, Wang F and Sun S: MicroRNA-23a antisense enhances 5-fluorouracil chemosensitivity through APAF-1/caspase-9 apoptotic pathway in colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Biochem. 115:772–784. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Zou M, Lu N, Hu C, Liu W, Sun Y, Wang X, You Q, Gu C, Xi T and Guo Q: Beclin 1-mediated autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma cells: Implication in anticancer efficiency of oroxylin A via inhibition of mTOR signaling. Cell Signal. 24:1722–1732. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Ravikumar B, Sarkar S, Davies JE, Futter M, Garcia-Arencibia M, Green-Thompson ZW, Jimenez-Sanchez M, Korolchuk VI, Lichtenberg M, Luo S, et al: Regulation of mammalian autophagy in physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev. 90:1383–1435. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Klionsky DJ, Abeliovich H, Agostinis P, Agrawal DK, Aliev G, Askew DS, Baba M, Baehrecke EH, Bahr BA, Ballabio A, et al: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes. Autophagy. 4:151–175. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Tian J, Shen R, Yan Y and Deng L: miR‑186 promotes tumor growth in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting apoptotic protease activating factor‑1. Exp Ther Med 16: 4010-4018, 2018.
APA
Tian, J., Shen, R., Yan, Y., & Deng, L. (2018). miR‑186 promotes tumor growth in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting apoptotic protease activating factor‑1. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 16, 4010-4018. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.6679
MLA
Tian, J., Shen, R., Yan, Y., Deng, L."miR‑186 promotes tumor growth in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting apoptotic protease activating factor‑1". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 16.5 (2018): 4010-4018.
Chicago
Tian, J., Shen, R., Yan, Y., Deng, L."miR‑186 promotes tumor growth in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting apoptotic protease activating factor‑1". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 16, no. 5 (2018): 4010-4018. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.6679
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Tian J, Shen R, Yan Y and Deng L: miR‑186 promotes tumor growth in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting apoptotic protease activating factor‑1. Exp Ther Med 16: 4010-4018, 2018.
APA
Tian, J., Shen, R., Yan, Y., & Deng, L. (2018). miR‑186 promotes tumor growth in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting apoptotic protease activating factor‑1. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 16, 4010-4018. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.6679
MLA
Tian, J., Shen, R., Yan, Y., Deng, L."miR‑186 promotes tumor growth in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting apoptotic protease activating factor‑1". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 16.5 (2018): 4010-4018.
Chicago
Tian, J., Shen, R., Yan, Y., Deng, L."miR‑186 promotes tumor growth in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting apoptotic protease activating factor‑1". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 16, no. 5 (2018): 4010-4018. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.6679
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team