Role of modern imaging techniques for the in vivo diagnosis of lichen planus (Review)

Ianoși,Simona   Laura; Forsea,Ana   Maria; Lupu,Mihai; Ilie,Mihaela   Adriana; Zurac,Sabina; Boda,Daniel; Ianosi,Gabriel; Neagoe,Daniela; Tutunaru,Cristina; Popa,Cristina   Maria; Caruntu,Constantin

doi:10.3892/etm.2018.6974

Role of modern imaging techniques for the in vivo diagnosis of lichen planus (Review)

Authors:
- Simona Laura Ianoși
- Ana Maria Forsea
- Mihai Lupu
- Mihaela Adriana Ilie
- Sabina Zurac
- Daniel Boda
- Gabriel Ianosi
- Daniela Neagoe
- Cristina Tutunaru
- Cristina Maria Popa
- Constantin Caruntu
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Affiliations: Department of Dermatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Emergency County Hospital, 200349 Craiova, Romania, Department of Dermatology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Elias Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania, Department of Biochemistry, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania, Department of Pathology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania, Dermatology Research Laboratory, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania, Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Military Hospital, 200349 Craiova, Romania, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Emergency County Hospital, 200349 Craiova, Romania, Department of Physiology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
Published online on: November 16, 2018 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.6974
Pages: 1052-1060
Copyright: © Ianoși et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that can sometimes affect mucosal surfaces, with unknown pathogenesis, even though it appears to be an autoimmune disease. The diagnosis of lichen planus is usually based on histopathological examination of the lesions. Nowadays, the classical invasive diagnostic methods are replaced by modern non‑invasive techniques. In this review, we present the main non‑invasive imaging methods (dermoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography, ultrasound and diffuse reflection spectrophotometry) used in the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of lichen planus. Dermoscopy is a non‑invasive method initially used for diagnosis of pigmented tumors but now is used also for inflammatory and infectious skin diseases. In lichen planus, the dermoscopy increases the accuracy of diagnosis, avoids skin biopsies commonly used and can be useful in the therapeutic monitoring by repeated investigation at different stages of treatment. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a novel non‑invasive imaging technique that is prevalently used for the diagnosis of skin tumors and inflammatory skin diseases. This technology has been mostly employed for bedside, real‑time microscopic evaluation of psoriasis, lichen planus, contact dermatitis, revealing specific confocal features to support clinical diagnosis and assist with patient management. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emergent imaging technique, developed over the last decade, based on the interaction of the infrared radiation (900‑1,500 nm) and the living tissues. A limited information exists on the benefits of OCT technology for the in vivo diagnosis of LP but could be a useful auxiliary tool in the in vivo differential diagnosis, especially in clinical equivocal settings like mucosal lesions, and in monitoring the response to treatment. Our review shows the possibility of using modern imaging techniques for the in vivo diagnosis and also for evaluation of the treatment response.

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