Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
May-2019 Volume 17 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
May-2019 Volume 17 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Prognostic impact of cigarette smoking on the survival of patients with established esophageal squamous cell carcinoma receiving radiotherapy: A retrospective study from southern China

  • Authors:
    • Guo‑Rong Zou
    • Zhen Su
    • Jun‑Yun Li
    • Fang‑Yun Xie
    • Qun Li
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Oncology, Panyu Central Hospital, Cancer Institute of Panyu, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, P.R. China, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat‑sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Zou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 3671-3681
    |
    Published online on: March 7, 2019
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7356
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Cigarette smoking is associated with the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC); however, the influence of smoking on survival of patients with ESCC receiving radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy, has remained elusive. The present study retrospectively analyzed 479 patients with ESCC from southern China who were categorized based on their smoking history (never, previous or current). To consider the cumulative effect of smoking, the number of pack years (PYs) was used as a representative variable. Associations between cigarette smoking and survival were evaluated using the Kaplan‑Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards model. Among the 497 patients, 308 (64.3%) had reported a history of cigarette smoking. The 5‑year overall survival for patients void of a smoking history, former smokers and current smokers was 50.9, 27.0 and 34.3%, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for previous and current smoking vs. no smoking history were 1.57 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06‑2.32] and 3.01 (95% CI, 1.15‑7.86), respectively. Heavy smokers with a high number of PYs had a HR for death of 1.75 (95% CI, 1.28‑2.41) compared with light smokers. In the cohort of 407 patients treated with intensity‑modulated radiotherapy/three‑dimensional conformal radiotherapy, similarly significant results were obtained. In conclusion, cigarette smoking is an independent and poor prognostic factor for patients with ESCC treated with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. It is associated with an increased risk of death, and the risk increases with the increase in PYs. This result may help to manage tobacco use among patients with ESCC. The smoking status should be taken into consideration in prospective studies on ESCC. More frequent follow‑ups are recommended for those patients with ESCC with a history of smoking.
View Figures

Figure 1

View References

1 

Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, Zhang S, Zeng H, Bray F, Jemal A, Yu XQ and He J: Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 66:115–132. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Ajani JA, D'Amico TA, Almhanna K, Bentrem DJ, Besh S, Chao J, Das P, Denlinger C, Fanta P, Fuchs CS, et al: Esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancers, version 1.2015. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 13:194–227. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Chen W, Zheng R, Zhang S, Zhao P, Zeng H and Zou X: Report of cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2010. Ann Transl Med. 2:612014.PubMed/NCBI

4 

Lin Y, Totsuka Y, He Y, Kikuchi S, Qiao Y, Ueda J, Wei W, Inoue M and Tanaka H: Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in Japan and China. J Epidemiol. 23:233–242. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Zhang HZ, Jin GF and Shen HB: Epidemiologic differences in esophageal cancer between Asian and Western populations. Chin J Cancer. 31:281–286. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Oze I, Matsuo K, Ito H, Wakai K, Nagata C, Mizoue T, Tanaka K, Tsuji I, Tamakoshi A, Sasazuki S, et al: Cigarette smoking and esophageal cancer risk: An evaluation based on a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence among the Japanese population. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 42:63–73. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Castellsague X, Munoz N, De Stefani E, Victora CG, Castelletto R, Rolón PA and Quintana MJ: Independent and joint effects of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on the risk of esophageal cancer in men and women. Int J Cancer. 82:657–664. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Yaegashi Y, Onoda T, Morioka S, Hashimoto T, Takeshita T, Sakata K and Tamakoshi A: Joint effects of smoking and alcohol drinking on esophageal cancer mortality in Japanese men: Findings from the Japan collaborative cohort study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 15:1023–1029. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Lu CL, Lang HC, Luo JC, Liu CC, Lin HC, Chang FY and Lee SD: Increasing trend of the incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, but not adenocarcinoma, in Taiwan. Cancer Causes Control. 21:269–274. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Ishiguro S, Sasazuki S, Inoue M, Kurahashi N, Iwasaki M and Tsugane S: Effect of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and flushing response on esophageal cancer risk: A population-based cohort study (JPHC study). Cancer Lett. 275:240–246. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Jiang JM, Zeng XJ, Chen JS, Ping-zhao, Li JY, Zhang KL, Wu YP and Liu BQ: Smoking and mortality from esophageal cancer in China: A large case-control study of 19,734 male esophageal cancer deaths and 104,846 living spouse controls. Int J Cancer. 119:1427–1432. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Lindgren A and Nyren O: The role of tobacco, snuff and alcohol use in the aetiology of cancer of the oesophagus and gastric cardia. Int J Cancer. 85:340–346. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Sobus SL and Warren GW: The biologic effects of cigarette smoke on cancer cells. Cancer Am Cancer Soc. 120:3617–3626. 2014.

14 

Wang N, Tan B, Cao F, Song Q, Wang J, Jia Y and Cheng Y: Prognostic influence of smoking on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Med. 8:18867–18872. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

15 

Zheng Y, Cao X, Wen J, Yang H, Luo K, Liu Q, Huang Q, Chen J and Fu J: Smoking affects treatment outcome in patients with resected esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who received chemotherapy. PLoS One. 10:e1232462015.

16 

Zhang F, Han H, Wang C, Wang J, Zhang G, Cao F and Cheng Y: A retrospective study: The prognostic value of anemia, smoking and drinking in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with primary radiotherapy. World J Surg Oncol. 11:2492013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Huang RW, Chao YK, Wen YW, Chang HK, Tseng CK, Chan SC and Liu YH: Predictors of pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol. 12:1702014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Yen YC, Chang JH, Lin WC, Chiou JF, Chang YC, Chang CL, Hsu HL, Chow JM, Yuan KS, Wu ATH and Wu SY: Effectiveness of esophagectomy in patients with thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma receiving definitive radiotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy through intensity-modulated radiation therapy techniques. Cancer Am Cancer Soc. 123:2043–2053. 2017.

19 

Jensen JA, Goodson WH, Hopf HW and Hunt TK: Cigarette smoking decreases tissue oxygen. Arch Surg. 126:1131–1134. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Grau C, Nordsmark M, Khalil AA, Horsman MR and Overgaard J: Effect of carbon monoxide breathing on hypoxia and radiation response in the SCCVII tumor in vivo. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 29:449–454. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Cosse JP and Michiels C: Tumour hypoxia affects the responsiveness of cancer cells to chemotherapy and promotes cancer progression. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 8:790–797. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Nordsmark M, Bentzen SM, Rudat V, Brizel D, Lartigau E, Stadler P, Becker A, Adam M, Molls M, Dunst J, et al: Prognostic value of tumor oxygenation in 397 head and neck tumors after primary radiation therapy. An international multi-center study. Radiother Oncol. 77:18–24. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Fi G, Di P and Id F: AJCC cancer staging manual. (6th). Springer-Verlag. (New York). 2002.

24 

Zhang P, Xi M, Li QQ, Hu YH, Guo X, Zhao L, Liu H, Liu SL, Luo LL, Liu Q and Liu MZ: Concurrent cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil versus concurrent cisplatin and docetaxel with radiotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A propensity score-matched analysis. Oncotarget. 7:44686–44694. 2016.PubMed/NCBI

25 

Liu H, Lu L, Zhu Q, Hao Y, Mo Y, Liu M, Hu Y, Cui N and Rong T: Cervical nodal metastases of unresectable thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Characteristics of long-term survivors after concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Radiother Oncol. 99:181–186. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Xi M, Zhang P, Zhang L, Yang YD, Liu SL, Li Y, Fu JH and Liu MZ: Comparing docetaxel plus cisplatin versus fluorouracil plus cisplatin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 47:683–689. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Luo LL, Xi M, Yang YD, Li QQ, Zhao L, Zhang P, Liu SL and Liu MZ: Comparative outcomes of induction chemotherapy followed by definitive chemoradiotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy alone in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer. 8:3441–3447. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Gillison ML, Zhang Q, Jordan R, Xiao W, Westra WH, Trotti A, Spencer S, Harris J, Chung CH and Ang KK: Tobacco smoking and increased risk of death and progression for patients with p16-positive and p16-negative oropharyngeal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 30:2102–2111. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Warren GW, Alberg AJ, Kraft AS and Cummings KM: The 2014 surgeon General's report: ‘The health consequences of smoking-50 years of progress’: A paradigm shift in cancer care. Cancer. 120:1914–1916. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Warren GW, Sobus S and Gritz ER: The biological and clinical effects of smoking by patients with cancer and strategies to implement evidence-based tobacco cessation support. Lancet Oncol. 15:e568–e580. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Shitara K, Matsuo K, Hatooka S, Ura T, Takahari D, Yokota T, Abe T, Kawai H, Tajika M, Kodaira T, et al: Heavy smoking history interacts with chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer prognosis: A retrospective study. Cancer Sci. 101:1001–1006. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Vatten LJ, Foss OP and Kvinnsland S: Overall survival of breast cancer patients in relation to preclinically determined total serum cholesterol, body mass index, height and cigarette smoking: A population-based study. Eur J Cancer. 27:641–646. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Terry PD and Rohan TE: Cigarette smoking and the risk of breast cancer in women: A review of the literature. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 11:953–971. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

34 

Ouyang PY, Su Z, Mao YP, Liang XX, Liu Q, Deng W and Xie FY: Prognostic impact of cigarette smoking on the survival of patients with established nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 22:2285–2294. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Johnson KC, Miller AB, Collishaw NE, Palmer JR, Hammond SK, Salmon AG, Cantor KP, Miller MD, Boyd NF, Millar J and Turcotte F: Active smoking and secondhand smoke increase breast cancer risk: The report of the Canadian expert panel on tobacco smoke and breast cancer risk (2009). Tob Control. 20:e22011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Brizel DM, Sibley GS, Prosnitz LR, Scher RL and Dewhirst MW: Tumor hypoxia adversely affects the prognosis of carcinoma of the head and neck. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 38:285–289. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Semenza GL: Hypoxia-inducible factors: Mediators of cancer progression and targets for cancer therapy. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 33:207–214. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

An Y, Kiang A, Lopez JP, Kuo SZ, Yu MA, Abhold EL, Chen JS, Wang-Rodriguez J and Ongkeko WM: Cigarette smoke promotes drug resistance and expansion of cancer stem cell-like side population. PLoS One. 7:e479192012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Zevallos JP, Mallen MJ, Lam CY, Karam-Hage M, Blalock J, Wetter DW, Garden AS, Sturgis EM and Cinciripini PM: Complications of radiotherapy in laryngopharyngeal cancer: Effects of a prospective smoking cessation program. Cancer. 115:4636–4644. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Arcavi L and Benowitz NL: Cigarette smoking and infection. Arch Intern Med. 164:2206–2216. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Duffy SA, Terrell JE, Valenstein M, Ronis DL, Copeland LA and Connors M: Effect of smoking, alcohol, and depression on the quality of life of head and neck cancer patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 24:140–147. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Browman GP, Wong G, Hodson I, Sathya J, Russell R, McAlpine L, Skingley P and Levine MN: Influence of cigarette smoking on the efficacy of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med. 328:159–163. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Gritz ER: Smoking and smoking cessation in cancer patients. Br J Addict. 86:549–554. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Simmons VN, Litvin EB, Jacobsen PB, Patel RD, McCaffrey JC, Oliver JA, Sutton SK and Brandon TH: Predictors of smoking relapse in patients with thoracic cancer or head and neck cancer. Cancer. 119:1420–1427. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Steliga MA: Smoking cessation in clinical practice: How to get patients to stop. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 30:87–91. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Lancaster T and Stead LF: Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 3:CD0012922017.PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zou GR, Su Z, Li JY, Xie FY and Li Q: Prognostic impact of cigarette smoking on the survival of patients with established esophageal squamous cell carcinoma receiving radiotherapy: A retrospective study from southern China. Exp Ther Med 17: 3671-3681, 2019.
APA
Zou, G., Su, Z., Li, J., Xie, F., & Li, Q. (2019). Prognostic impact of cigarette smoking on the survival of patients with established esophageal squamous cell carcinoma receiving radiotherapy: A retrospective study from southern China. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 17, 3671-3681. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7356
MLA
Zou, G., Su, Z., Li, J., Xie, F., Li, Q."Prognostic impact of cigarette smoking on the survival of patients with established esophageal squamous cell carcinoma receiving radiotherapy: A retrospective study from southern China". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 17.5 (2019): 3671-3681.
Chicago
Zou, G., Su, Z., Li, J., Xie, F., Li, Q."Prognostic impact of cigarette smoking on the survival of patients with established esophageal squamous cell carcinoma receiving radiotherapy: A retrospective study from southern China". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 17, no. 5 (2019): 3671-3681. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7356
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zou GR, Su Z, Li JY, Xie FY and Li Q: Prognostic impact of cigarette smoking on the survival of patients with established esophageal squamous cell carcinoma receiving radiotherapy: A retrospective study from southern China. Exp Ther Med 17: 3671-3681, 2019.
APA
Zou, G., Su, Z., Li, J., Xie, F., & Li, Q. (2019). Prognostic impact of cigarette smoking on the survival of patients with established esophageal squamous cell carcinoma receiving radiotherapy: A retrospective study from southern China. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 17, 3671-3681. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7356
MLA
Zou, G., Su, Z., Li, J., Xie, F., Li, Q."Prognostic impact of cigarette smoking on the survival of patients with established esophageal squamous cell carcinoma receiving radiotherapy: A retrospective study from southern China". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 17.5 (2019): 3671-3681.
Chicago
Zou, G., Su, Z., Li, J., Xie, F., Li, Q."Prognostic impact of cigarette smoking on the survival of patients with established esophageal squamous cell carcinoma receiving radiotherapy: A retrospective study from southern China". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 17, no. 5 (2019): 3671-3681. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7356
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team