Roles of microRNA‑186 and vascular endothelial growth factor in hepatocellular carcinoma complicated with portal vein tumor thrombus
- Authors:
- Published online on: August 3, 2020 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9092
- Pages: 3860-3867
Abstract
Introduction
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of common types of gastrointestinal cancer with high rates of recurrence and metastasis in the liver, and the overall prognosis for patients is poor (1-3). The 5-year survival rate of HCC is ~32.5% in China, and only ~59.1% in patients diagnosed at an early stage (4,5). In Western countries, the 5-year survival rate has been reported to be <12% (4,5). In 1869, Armand Trousseau observed that cancer patients may be complicated by venous thrombosis, and this is known as Trousseau syndrome (6). One of the high risk factors for induction of venous thrombosis has been demonstrated to be cancer, and the incidence rate of venous thrombosis reached ~12.3% for cancer patients following diagnosis (7). However, the mechanisms underlying tumor thrombus induced by malignant tumor remain unclear.
It has been observed that numerous microRNAs (miRs) and mRNAs are involved in Trousseau syndrome (8). Different factors, including integrin β3(9) and nuclear factor-κB (10), participate in the processes. Similar to the development of tumor, the induction of tumor thrombus is closely associated with angiogenesis (11). Recent studies mainly focused on the roles and signaling transductions associated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the progression of tumor thrombus (12-14). The excessive growth of blood vessels is one of the important conditions for the formation of tumors and tumor thrombi (15-17), therefore the EA.hy926 cell line was used in the current study.
In the present study, VEGF expression was detected at the mRNA and protein levels in blood and tumor thrombus specimens collected from HCC patients complicated with vein tumor thrombus. The association between miR-186 and VEGF expression levels was also validated.
Materials and methods
Sample collection
The current study included 29 cases of HCC patients with portal vein tumor thrombus, whose tumor thrombus was resected between January 2013 and September 2015 in the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of Huai'an First People's Hospital (Huai'an, China), and the peritumoral tissues of the tumor thrombus were also collected as control tissues. During the same period, blood samples from 39 HCC patients without tumor thrombus were used as the control group. There were 18 males and 11 females among the HCC patients with portal vein tumor thrombus, and the age range was between 26 and 66 years, with a median age of 45.6 years. In the control group without tumor thrombus, there were 26 males and 13 females, and their age ranged between 21 and 77 years, with a median age of 49.5 years. All the included patients presented first-onset HCC, and had not received hormone therapy, medication, radiotherapy and chemotherapy prior to inclusion. All the patients were diagnosed by pathologists at the Huai'an First People's Hospital (18). The portal vein tumor thrombus was confirmed by ultrasound or based on the symptoms, signs and diagnosis history. The resected tumor thrombus and peritumoral tissues were stored at -80˚C within 2 h. Fasting peripheral blood samples were collected from all patients upon diagnosis and stored at -20˚C following addition of EDTA anticoagulant. Prior written and informed consent was obtained from every patient, and the study was approved by the Ethics Review Board of Nanjing Medical University (Huai'an, China).
Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)
Total RNA from blood and tissue samples was extracted by TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). The RNA quality of samples was checked by 1% gel electrophoresis and the absorbance ratio at 260/280 nm was detected by a spectrophotometer. The cDNA was obtained with the TIANScript II cDNA first strand synthesis kit (cat. no. KR107; Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). The SuperReal PreMix (SYBR Green) kit (cat. no. FP204; Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd.) was used to detect the mRNA expression of VEGF, with β-actin used as the internal reference. Primers used in qPCR were as follows: VEGF forward, 5'-TTGCCTTGCTGCTCTACCTC-3', and reverse, 5'-AAATGCTTTCTCCGCTCTGA-3'; β-actin forward, 5'-TGACGTGGACATCCGCAAAG-3', and reverse, 5'-CTGGAAGGTGGACAGCGAGG-3'. The reaction was performed in a 25-µl system, including 10 µl SuperReal PreMix (SYBR Green), 1 µl forward primer, 1 µl reverse primer, 2 µl cDNA template and 11 µl ddH2O. The cycle conditions were the following: 94˚C for 2 min, followed by 35 cycles of 94˚C for 30 sec, 55˚C for 30 sec, 71˚C for 1 min and a further 71˚C for 2 min. Relative expression of VEGF against β-actin was calculated by the 2-ΔΔCq method (19).
Reverse transcription of miRNA followed the procedure provided by the manufacturer of the miRcute miRNA cDNA kit (KR201; Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd.). qPCR was then used to detect the expression of miR-186, with U6 used as an internal reference. The primers were as follows: miR-186 forward, 5'-CCCGATAAAGCTAGATAACC-3', and reverse, 5'-CAGTGCGTGTCGTGGAGT-3'; U6 forward, 5'-GCTTCGGCAGCACATATACTAAAAT-3', and reverse, 5'-CGCTTCACGAATTTGCGTGTCAT-3'. The reaction was conducted in a 25-µl system, including 10 µl SuperReal PreMix (SYBR Green), 1 µl forward primer, 1 µl reverse primer, 2 µl cDNA template and 11 µl ddH2O. The thermal cycling conditions were the following: 95˚C for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95˚C for 10 sec, 60˚C for 20 sec and 72˚C for 20 sec. The relative expression of miR-186/U6 was calculated by the 2-ΔΔCq method.
ELISA
The peripheral blood was centrifuged at 1,000 x g at 4˚C for 10 min to separate the serum and red blood cells, and the serum was used for subsequent analysis. ELISA was performed according to the instructions provided by the human VEGFA ELISA kit (cat. no. 100663; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA). Next, 50-µl standard were added into different wells on the ELISA plate, with 10 µl sample and 40 µl dilution buffer added into each well. With the exception of blank wells, 100 µl horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled antibody was added to each well, covered with microplate sealers and incubated for 1 h. Subsequent to five washes with the washing solution in the kit 50 µl substrate A and 50 µl substrate B were added into each well. After incubation at 37˚C for 15 min, 50 µl stop solution was added into each well. The optical density value was measured at a wavelength of 450 nm within 15 min.
Bioinformatics prediction
Bioinformatics prediction is the basis to explore the functions of miRNAs. The miRanda (http://www.microma.org/rnicroma/home.do), TargetSean (www.targetscan.org), PiTa (http://genie.weizmann.ac.il/pubs/mir07/mir07_data.html), RNAhybrid (http://bibiserv.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/rnahybrid/) and PICTA (http://pictar.mdc-berlin.de/) databases were used in the present study to predict the potential miRNAs that can directly regulate VEGF physiologically and in pathological conditions, according to previously described methods (20-22). Based on the results of bioinformatics analysis, miR-186 was selected as a miRNA regulating VEGF expression. The authors of the current study investigated miR-186 previously. Additionally, previous reports have demonstrated that miR-186 could act as tumor suppressor (23,24); therefore, miR-186 was selected for analysis in the current study.
Dual-luciferase reporter assay
Based on the bioinformatics prediction, the wild-type 3'-untranslated region (UTR) and the mutant 3'-UTR of VEGF were synthesized in vitro, and were cloned into the downstream of pMIR-REPORT luciferase vector (Ambion; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) by Spe-1 and HindIII enzyme. 293T cells were co-transfected with agomiR-186 (100 nM; Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) mimics and with wild-type VEGF 3'-UTR or mutant 3'-UTR. Following transfection with Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (cat. no. 11668-027; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 24 h, cells were lysed and luciferase intensity was measured by GloMax 20/20 luminometer (Promega Corp., Madison, WI, USA) based on the standard protocol of the luciferase kit (cat. no. E1910; Promega Corp.). The intensity of Renilla was used as a control, and the fluorescence intensity in the NC, wild-type and mutant groups was analyzed.
Cell transfection
At 24 h prior to transfection, 3x105 logarithm growth EA.hy926 cells (Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China) were seeded in 24-well plate and cultured into antibiotics-free F12/Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum. When cells reached ~70% confluence, transfection was performed. A total of 1 µg/µl plasmid, 30 nM VEGF small interfering RNA (siRNA; target sequence, 106-AATCATCACGAAGTGGTGAAGTT; forward, 5'-UCAUCACGAAGUGGUGAAGdTdT-3' and reverse 5'-CUUCACCACUUCGUGAUGAdTdT-3') or 30 nM agomiR-186 (forward, 5'-CAAAGAAUUCUCCUUUUGGGCU-3' and reverse 5'-GCCCAAAGGUGAAUUUUUUGGG-3'; all Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd.) and Lipofectamine 2000 were added into EP tubes containing 50 µl DMEM, respectively. The two tubes were mixed together after 5-min incubation at room temperature, and the mixture was added to each well after incubation for 20 min at room temperature. After transfection for 48 h, the cells were collected to detect the expression of VEGF at the mRNA and protein levels.
Western blot analysis
Total proteins were extracted by protein lysis using RIPA buffer (P0013B; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Haimen, China) based on a standard protocol, and the protein concentration was detected by a BCA assay kit (Zhongke Ruitai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). After boiling with loading buffer for 5 min, 20 µg protein was subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE and then transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane under ice bath (constant voltage of 100 V for 2 h). Subsequent to blocking by 5% skim milk, rabbit anti-human polyclonal VEGF (1:1,000; cat. no. ab46154) and rabbit anti-human β-actin (1:5,000; cat. no. ab129348) primary antibodies were added at 4˚C overnight. Next, HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody (1:3,000; cat. no. ab6721) was added at 37˚C for 1 h. All the antibodies were purchased from Abcam. Finally, the membrane was developed by the BeyoECL Plus enhanced chemiluminescence reagent (P0018; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). The developed film was scanned and analyzed by Image Lab 3.0 software (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). β-actin was used as an internal control to calculate the relative expression of VEGF.
MTT assay
EA.hy926 cells were seeded in 96-well plates with 2x103 cells/well, and each sample had three replicates. At 24, 48 and 72 h, 20 µl MTT (5 g/l) was added into each well, followed by addition of 150 µl dimethyl sulfoxide to resolve the purple crystals. After incubation for 4 h at 37˚C, the absorbance of cells was measured at 490 nm wavelength and the proliferation curves were plotted.
Statistical analysis
The SPSS version 18.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used to perform statistical analysis. All the data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation, and normality test was used. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare difference among multiple groups. When variance was homogenous, the least significant difference and Student-Newman-Keuls methods were used; otherwise, Tamhane's T2 or T3 methods were applied. P<0.05 was considered as an indicator of statistically significant differences.
Results
Expression of VEGF mRNA in tumor thrombus and blood samples
To examine the expression changes between tumor thrombus and peritumoral tissues in HCC patients with portal vein tumor thrombus, RT-qPCR was conducted to detect VEGF mRNA. Compared with peritumoral tissues, VEGF mRNA expression was significantly increased in the tumor thrombus (P<0.01; Fig. 1A). Similar to the results in tumor tissues, VEGF mRNA expression was also significantly increased in the blood of patients with portal vein tumor thrombus when compared with that in the blood of patients without tumor thrombus (P<0.01; Fig. 1B). The results indicate that VEGF may serve regulatory roles in the development of tumor thrombus in HCC.
Expression of VEGF protein in tumor thrombus and blood
To validate the expression of VEGF protein in the tumor thrombus tissues and blood samples in HCC patients with tumor thrombus, western blot analysis and ELISA were used, respectively. Compared with the control group, VEGF protein was significantly increased in the tumor thrombus tissues and blood of patients with portal vein tumor thrombus (P<0.01; Fig. 2). The results revealed that VEGF protein expression was consistent with VEGF mRNA expression, which further indicates that VEGF may be involved in the development of tumor thrombus in HCC patients.
Expression of miR-186 in tumor thrombus and blood
In order to investigate the roles of miR-186 in tumor thrombus in HCC patients, RT-qPCR was used to detect its expression in tumor thrombus tissue and blood samples. As shown in Fig. 3, miR-186 expression was significantly downregulated both in the tumor thrombus tissues and in the blood, when compared with the control samples (P<0.05). This result indicates that miR-186 may serve a role in the development of tumor thrombus in HCC patients.
VEGF is directly targeted by miR-186
To determine whether VEGF was directly targeted by miR-186, bioinformatics prediction was performed. The miR-186 was predicted as one of the miRNAs that regulates VEGF. The complementary binding site of miR-186 with VEGF is shown in Fig. 4A. To further verify this result, the dual-luciferase reporter assay was conducted. As shown in Fig. 4B, the fluorescence intensity was significantly downregulated in 293T cells co-transfected with agomiR-186 and pMIR-REPORT-wild type plasmid in comparison with the negative control group (P<0.01). By contrast, there was no significant difference between cells co-transfected with agomiR-186 and pMIR-REPORT-mutant in comparison with the negative control group (P>0.05). These results indicate that miR-186 can regulate VEGF expression through complementary binding to the 3'-UTR of VEGF mRNA.
Effects of miR-186 on proliferation of EA.hy926 cells
To analyze the influence of miR-186 on cell proliferation, MTT assay was performed. As shown in Fig. 5A, miR-186 expression was significantly increased in EA.hy926 cells subsequent to transfection with agomiR-186 (P<0.01). At the same time, as shown in Fig. 5B, VEGF expression was significantly decreased in EA.hy926 cells following transfection with agomiR-186 (P<0.01). Compared with the control group, EA.hy926 cell proliferation was significantly inhibited in cells after transfection with agomiR-186 (P<0.05; Fig. 5C). These results suggest that miR-186 may inhibit the proliferation of EA.hy926 cells through regulating VEGF expression.
Effects of VEGF siRNA on proliferation of EA.hy926 cells
To further validate the aforementioned results indicating that EA.hy926 cell proliferation was inhibited by miR-186 through downregulation of VEGF, a siRNA was used to downregulate VEGF expression and then cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay. As shown in Fig. 6A and B, VEGF expression at the mRNA and protein levels was significantly decreased following transfection with VEGF siRNA in EA.hy926 cells (P<0.05). In addition, the MTT results revealed that cell proliferation was significantly reduced in the agomiR-186 transfection group (Fig. 6C). The results further confirm that downregulated VEGF may inhibit the proliferation of EA.hy926 cells.
Discussion
In the present study, VEGF expression was detected in the blood and tumor thrombus tissues of HCC patients with portal vein tumor thrombus, and the expression of upstream regulator miR-186 was analyzed. Through cell experiments, the functions of miR-186 and VEGF were preliminary discussed, and then the underlying molecular mechanisms were examined.
Vein tumor thrombus is a common complication in malignant process and the second most common cause of patient mortality besides cancer itself (25). Approximately 10% of patients with renal cell cancer will develop venous tumor thrombus (26,27), and 60% of patients with tumor thrombus are associated with metastasis (28). For patients with tumor thrombus, complete resection of the tumor is a treatment method (26). Currently, blocking cell signaling pathways and angiogenesis in tumors to inhibit tumor growth is one of the efficient targeted therapies to treat cancer. Certain studies have reported that targeted therapies are a new adjuvant treatment for tumor thrombus (29-33). In normal environment, VEGF is one of the most effective pro-angiogenic factors and regulators of blood vessel growth. Its basic function is to promote angiogenesis and increase blood supply (34). It has also been reported that VEGF is an important factor in HCC (35). The EA.hy926 cell line was selected for the current study based on previous studies (15-17). In line with previous findings, the present study observed that VEGF was abnormally expressed in the blood and tumor thrombus tissues of HCC patients with portal vein tumor thrombus, whereas silencing VEGF slowed down the proliferation of EA.hy926 endothelial cells. All these results indicate that VEGF may serve an important role in the development of tumor thrombus in HCC patients.
To further investigate the regulatory mechanisms of VEGF, the upstream regulators of VEGF were predicted through bioinformatics methods. miRNAs may inhibit mRNA translation through degrading mRNA (36). In fact, these regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs to upregulate or downregulate several genes serve important roles in the development and progression of tumors (37,38). According to bioinformatics prediction, the current study identified that miR-186 may be an upstream miRNA to regulate VEGF.
Several studies have demonstrated that miR-186 may be a novel target in tumor prevention, diagnosis and treatment. For instance, Zhang et al (39) found that miR-186 can be used as a diagnostic biomarker in pancreatic cancer, while it also influenced proliferation and invasion of tumor cells. In addition, Lee et al (40) demonstrated that upregulated miR-186 was associated with recession of fibroblast proliferation. Sun et al (41) also observed that miR-186 participated in the formation of fibroblasts in tumors. Furthermore, a study by Cui et al (42) demonstrated that miR-186 inhibited cell proliferation and metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer through regulating Rock1. To further examine the molecular mechanism underlying the action of miR-186 on VEGF, human endothelial cell EA.hy926 were cultured in vitro and transfected with agomiR-186 to analyze the alterations in cell proliferation by MTT assay. The results indicated that miR-186 reduced the proliferation of EA.hy926 cells, while upregulated miR-186 induced the downregulation of VEGF. In addition, dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-186 was able to directly bind to the 3'-UTR of VEGF mRNA, suggesting that miR-186 may regulate VEGF mRNA expression.
In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggested that miR-186 serves important roles in the development of portal vein tumor thrombus in HCC through regulating VEGF expression. miR-186 may be used as a target for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of HCC patients with tumor thrombus. The current findings provide novel insight for understanding the development and progression of tumor thrombus in HCC patients.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Professor Dianhua Gu (Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China) for his valuable help during the preparation of this manuscript.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
Authors' contributions
WDY designed the study and performed the experiments. FGL designed the study, performed the statistical analysis and prepared the manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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