Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
October-2020 Volume 20 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
October-2020 Volume 20 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Current diagnosis and management strategies in pachychoroid spectrum of diseases (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Andreea Dana Moraru
    • Dănuț Costin
    • Radu Lucian Moraru
    • Marcel Costuleanu
    • Daniel Constantin Brănișteanu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Ophthalmology, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ‘Transmed Expert’ Medical Center, 700011 Iași, Romania, Department of Physiopathology, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
    Copyright: © Moraru et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 3528-3535
    |
    Published online on: August 4, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9094
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

This review presents a systematic analysis of the literature regarding the pachychoroid disease spectrum nomenclature, diagnosis criteria and therapeutic options. Pachychoroid related diseases are a new concept, introduced into the ophthalmological nomenclature in 2013 and evolving both as concept and as classification since then. The six disorders included in this phenotype have some common characteristics (thick choroid, pachyvessels, attenuation of the choriocapillaris), but also show individual features. The classification of the pachychoroid spectrum was revised many times, with the recent addition of the focal choroidal excavation (FCE) and peripapillary pachychoroid syndrome (PPS). As the terminology is developing, so is the number of case reports and case series from the initial report in 2013 to 57 reports in 2019. This review takes into account both the current literature and the clinical experience of the authors, emphasizing the understanding of the pathogenesis and aiming to update the therapeutic options available.
View Figures

Figure 1

View References

1 

Warrow DJ, Hoang QV and Freund KB: Pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy. Retina. 33:1659–1672. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Maranduca MA, Branisteanu D, Serban DN, Branisteanu DC, Stoleriu G, Manolache N and Serban IL: Synthesis and physiological implications of melanic pigments. Oncol Lett. 17:4183–4187. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Mrejen S and Spaide RF: Optical coherence tomography: Imaging of the choroid and beyond. Surv Ophthalmol. 58:387–429. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Lehmann M, Bousquet E, Beydoun T and Behar-Cohen F: Pachychoroid: An inherited condition? Retina. 35:10–16. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Goldenberg D, Moisseiev E, Goldstein M, Loewenstein A and Barak A: Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography: Choroidal thickness and correlations with age, refractive error, and axial length. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 43:296–301. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Margolis R and Spaide RF: A pilot study of enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in normal eyes. Am J Ophthalmol. 147:811–815. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Dansingani KK, Balaratnasingam C, Naysan J and Freund KB: En face imaging of pachychoroid spectrum disorders with sweptsource optical coherence tomography. Retina. 36:499–516. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Yang L, Jonas JB and Wei W: Choroidal vessel diameter in central serous chorioretinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol. 91:e358–e362. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Agrawal R, Gupta P, Tan KA, Cheung CM, Wong TY and Cheng CY: Choroidal vascularity index as a measure of vascular status of the choroid: Measurements in healthy eyes from a population-based study. Sci Rep. 6(21090)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Saito W, Hashimoto Y, Hirooka K and Ishida S: Changes in choroidal blood flow velocity in patients diagnosed with central serous chorioretinopathy during follow-up for pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 18(100651)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Pang CE and Freund KB: Pachychoroid neovasculopathy. Retina. 35:1–9. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Sakurada Y, Fragiotta S, Leong BCS, Parikh R, Hussnain SA and Freund KB: Relationship between choroidal vascular hyperpermeability, choriocapillaris flow density and choroidal thickness in eyes with pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy. Retina. 40:657–662. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Brănişteanu DE, Pintilie A, Andreş LE, Dimitriu A, Oanţă A, Stoleriu G and Brănişteanu DC: Ethiopathogenic hypotheses in lichen planus. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 120:760–767. 2016.PubMed/NCBI

14 

Hwang H, Kim JY, Kim KT, Chae JB and Kim DY: Flat irregular pigment epithelium detachment in central serous chorioretinopathy: A form of pachychoroid neovasculopathy? Retina Oct 1, 2019 (Epub ahead of print). doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002662.

15 

Imamura Y, Fujiwara T, Margolis R and Spaide RF: Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina. 29:1469–1473. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Demirel S, Değirmenci MFK, Batıoğlu F and Özmert E: Evaluation of the choroidal features in pachychoroid spectrum diseases by optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography. Eur J Ophthalmol. 4(1120672119887095)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Arf S, Sayman Muslubas I, Hocaoglu M, Ersoz MG and Karacorlu M: Features of neovascularization in pachychoroid neovasculopathy compared with type 1 neovascular age-related macular degeneration on optical coherence tomography angiography. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 64:257–264. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Matsumoto H, Kishi S, Mukai R and Akiyama H: Remodeling of macular vortex veins in pachychoroid neovasculopathy. Sci Rep. 9(14689)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Bousquet E, Bonnin S, Mrejen S, Krivosic V, Tadayoni R and Gaudric A: Tadayoni R and Gaudric A: Optical coherence tomography angiography of flat irregular pigment epithelium detachment in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina. 38:629–638. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Hosoda Y, Miyake M, Schellevis RL, Boon CJF, Hoyng CB, Miki A, Meguro A, Sakurada Y, Yoneyama S, Takasago Y, et al: Genome-wide association analyses identify two susceptibility loci for pachychoroid disease central serous chorioretinopathy. Commun Biol. 2(468)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Imamura Y, Engelbert M, Iida T, Freund KB and Yannuzzi LA: Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: A review. Surv Ophthalmol. 55:501–515. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Freund KB, Zweifel SA and Engelbert M: Do we need a new classification for choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration? Retina. 30:1333–1349. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Dansingani KK, Gal-Or O, Sadda SR, Yannuzzi LA and Freund KB: Understanding aneurysmal type 1 neovascularization (polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy): A lesson in the taxonomy of 'expanded spectra' - a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 46:189–200. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Uyama M, Wada M, Nagai Y, Matsubara T, Matsunaga H, Fukushima I, Takahashi K and Matsumura M: Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: Natural history. Am J Ophthalmol. 133:639–648. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Lee WK, Baek J, Dansingani KK, Lee JH and Freund KB: Choroidal morphology in eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and normal or subnormal subfoveal choroidal thickness. Retina. 36 (Suppl 1):S73–S82. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Lee K, Park JH, Park YG and Park YH: Analysis of choroidal thickness and vascularity in patients with unilateral polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 258:1157–1164. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Fujita A, Kataoka K, Takeuchi J, Nakano Y, Horiguchi E, Kaneko H, Ito Y and Terasaki H: Diagnostic characteristics of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy based on B-scan swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography and its interrater agreement compared with indocyanine green angiography. Retina: Jan 20, 2020 (Epub ahead of print). doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002760.

28 

Phasukkijwatana N, Freund KB, Dolz-Marco R, Al-Sheikh M, Keane PA, Egan CA, Randhawa S, Stewart JM, Liu Q, Hunyor AP, et al: Peripapillary pachychoroid syndrome. Retina. 38:1652–1667. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Govetto A, Sarraf D and Scialdone A: ‘Hide and seek’ neurosensory retinal detachments in peripapillary pachychoroid syndrome associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Retin Cases Brief Rep: Nov 21, 2019 (Epub ahead of print). doi: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000000942.

30 

Branisteanu DE, Nichifor M, Dorobat CM, Brănişteanu DC, Petrariu FD, Molodoi AD, Radu DC and Boda D: Use of textile biomaterials for the topic treatment of chronic venous disease. Rom Biotechnol Lett. 20:10618–10625. 2015.

31 

Ellabban AA, Tsujikawa A, Ooto S, Yamashiro K, Oishi A, Nakata I, Miyake M, Akagi-Kurashige Y, Ueda-Arakawa N, Arichika S, et al: Focal choroidal excavation in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 156:673–683. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Lim FP, Wong CW, Loh BK, Chan CM, Yeo I, Lee SY, Mathur R, Wong D, Wong TY and Cheung CM: Prevalence and clinical correlates of focal choroidal excavation in eyes with age-related macular degeneration, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and central serous chorioretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 100:918–923. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Rajabian F, Arrigo A, Jampol LM, Mercuri S, Introini U, Bandello F and Battaglia Parodi M: Optical coherence tomography angiography features of focal choroidal excavation and the choroidal stroma variations with occurrence of excavation. Retina: 2020 Jan 23, 2020 (Epub ahead of print). doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002765.

34 

Banaee T, Lyons LJ and El-Annan J: Development of focal choroidal excavation in non-neovascular age related macular degeneration with pachy-choroid features. J Curr Ophthalmol. 31:454–457. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Kitaya N, Nagaoka T, Hikichi T, Sugawara R, Fukui K, Ishiko S and Yoshida A: Features of abnormal choroidal circulation in central serous chorioretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 87:709–712. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Zhao M, Célérier I, Bousquet E, Jeanny JC, Jonet L, Savoldelli M, Offret O, Curan A, Farman N, Jaisser F, et al: Mineralocorticoid receptor is involved in rat and human ocular chorioretinopathy. J Clin Invest. 122:2672–2679. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Ersoz MG, Hocaoglu M, Sayman Muslubas I, Arf S and Karacorlu M: Development of pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy and transformation to central serous chorioretinopathy after intravitreal dexamethasone implantation. Retin Cases Brief: Sep 26, 2018 (Epub ahead of print). doi: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000000820.

38 

Dansingani KK, Perlee LT, Hamon S, Lee M, Shah VP, Spaide RF, Sorenson J, Klancnik JM Jr, Yannuzzi LA, Barbazetto IA, et al: Risk alleles associated with neovascularization in a pachychoroid phenotype. Ophthalmology. 123:2628–2630. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Izumi T, Koizumi H, Maruko I, Takahashi Y, Sonoda S, Sakamoto T and Iida T: Structural analyses of choroid after half-dose verteporfin photodynamic therapy for central serous chorioretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 101:433–437. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Chhablani J, Kozak I, Pichi F, Chenworth M, Berrocal MH, Bedi R, Singh RP, Wu L, Meyerle C, Casella AM, et al: King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital International Collaborative Retina Study Group: Outcomes of treatment of choroidal neovascularization associated with central serous chorioretinopathy with intravitreal antiangiogenic agents. Retina. 35:2489–2497. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Staurenghi G, Lai TYY, Mitchell P, Wolf S, Wenzel A, Li J, Bhaumik A and Hykin PG: PROMETHEUS Study Group. Efficacy and Safety of Ranibizumab 0.5 mg for the treatment of macular edema resulting from uncommon causes. Twelve-month findings from PROMETHEUS. Ophthalmology. 125:850–862. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Chung YR, Seo EJ, Lew HM and Lee KH: Lack of positive effect of intravitreal bevacizumab in central serous chorioretinopathy: Meta-analysis and review. Eye (Lond). 27:1339–1346. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Schworm B, Luft N, Keidel LF, Hagenau F, Kern C, Herold T, Kortuem KU, Priglinger SG and Siedlecki J: Response of neovascular central serous chorioretinopathy to an extended upload of anti-VEGF agents. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 258:1013–1021. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Sacconi R, Tomasso L, Corbelli E, Carnevali A, Querques L, Casati S, Bandello F and Querques G: Early response to the treatment of choroidal neovascularization complicating central serous chorioretinopathy: A OCT-angiography study. Eye (Lond). 33:1809–1817. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Azuma K, Tan X, Asano S, Shimizu K, Ogawa A, Inoue T, Murata H, Asaoka R and Obata R: The association of choroidal structure and its response to anti-VEGF treatment with the short-time outcome in pachychoroid neovasculopathy. PLoS One. 14(e0212055)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Lee JH and Lee WK: One-year results of adjunctive photodynamic therapy for type 1 neovascularization associated with thickened choroid. Retina. 36:889–895. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Koh A, Lee WK, Chen LJ, Chen SJ, Hashad Y, Kim H, Lai TY, Pilz S, Ruamviboonsuk P, Tokaji E, et al: EVEREST study: Efficacy and safety of verteporfin photodynamic therapy in combination with ranibizumab or alone versus ranibizumab monotherapy in patients with symptomatic macular polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Retina. 32:1453–1464. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

48 

Shin JY, Kwon KY and Byeon SH: Association between choroidal thickness and the response to intravitreal ranibizumab injection in age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol. 93:524–532. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Baek J, Lee JH and Lee WK: Clinical relevance of aqueous vascular endothelial growth factor levels in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Retina. 37:943–950. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Saito M, Kano M, Itagaki K, Ise S, Imaizumi K and Sekiryu T: Subfoveal choroidal thickness in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy after switching to intravitreal aflibercept injection. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 60:35–41. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

51 

Cho HJ, Kim KM, Kim HS, Han JI, Kim CG, Lee TG and Kim JW: Intravitreal aflibercept and ranibizumab injections for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 165:1–6. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

52 

Koizumi H, Kano M, Yamamoto A, Saito M, Maruko I, Kawasaki R, Sekiryu T, Okada AA and Iida T: Short-term changes in choroidal thickness after aflibercept therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol. 159:627–633. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

53 

Ferrara N: Vascular endothelial growth factor: Basic science and clinical progress. Endocr Rev. 25:581–611. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

54 

Yong M, Zhou M and Deng G: Photodynamic therapy versus anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: A meta-analysis. BMC Ophthalmol. 15(82)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

55 

Stanca HT, Petrović Z and Munteanu M: Transluminal Nd:YAG laser embolysis - a reasonable method to reperfuse occluded branch retinal arteries. Vojnosanit Pregl. 71:1072–1077. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

56 

Munteanu M, Rosca C and Stanca H: Sub-inner limiting membrane hemorrhage in a patient with Terson syndrome. Int Ophthalmol. 39:461–464. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

57 

Stanca HT, Stanca S, Tabacaru B, Boruga M and Balta F: Bevacizumab in Wet AMD treatment: A tribute to the thirteen years of experience from the beginning of the anti-VEGF era in Romania. Exp Ther Med. 18:4993–5000. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

58 

Danielescu C, Stanca HT and Balta F: The management of lamellar macular holes: A review. J Ophthalmol. 2020(3526316)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

59 

Shin JY, Lee JM and Byeon SH: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor with or without pneumatic displacement for submacular hemorrhage. Am J Ophthalmol. 159:904–14.e1. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Moraru AD, Costin D, Moraru RL, Costuleanu M and Brănișteanu DC: Current diagnosis and management strategies in pachychoroid spectrum of diseases (Review). Exp Ther Med 20: 3528-3535, 2020.
APA
Moraru, A.D., Costin, D., Moraru, R.L., Costuleanu, M., & Brănișteanu, D.C. (2020). Current diagnosis and management strategies in pachychoroid spectrum of diseases (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 20, 3528-3535. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9094
MLA
Moraru, A. D., Costin, D., Moraru, R. L., Costuleanu, M., Brănișteanu, D. C."Current diagnosis and management strategies in pachychoroid spectrum of diseases (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 20.4 (2020): 3528-3535.
Chicago
Moraru, A. D., Costin, D., Moraru, R. L., Costuleanu, M., Brănișteanu, D. C."Current diagnosis and management strategies in pachychoroid spectrum of diseases (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 20, no. 4 (2020): 3528-3535. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9094
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Moraru AD, Costin D, Moraru RL, Costuleanu M and Brănișteanu DC: Current diagnosis and management strategies in pachychoroid spectrum of diseases (Review). Exp Ther Med 20: 3528-3535, 2020.
APA
Moraru, A.D., Costin, D., Moraru, R.L., Costuleanu, M., & Brănișteanu, D.C. (2020). Current diagnosis and management strategies in pachychoroid spectrum of diseases (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 20, 3528-3535. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9094
MLA
Moraru, A. D., Costin, D., Moraru, R. L., Costuleanu, M., Brănișteanu, D. C."Current diagnosis and management strategies in pachychoroid spectrum of diseases (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 20.4 (2020): 3528-3535.
Chicago
Moraru, A. D., Costin, D., Moraru, R. L., Costuleanu, M., Brănișteanu, D. C."Current diagnosis and management strategies in pachychoroid spectrum of diseases (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 20, no. 4 (2020): 3528-3535. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9094
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team