Skrzynia C, Berg JS, Willis MS and Jensen BC: Genetics and heart failure: A concise guide for the clinician. Curr Cardiol Rev. 11:10–17. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Albuquerque FN, Brandão AA, Silva DA, Mourilhe-Rocha R, Duque GS, Gondar AF, Neves LM, Bittencourt MI, Pozzan R and Albuquerque DC: Angiotensin-converting enzyme genetic polymorphism: Its impact on cardiac remodeling. Arq Bras Cardiol. 102:70–79. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Guo M, Guo G and Ji X: Genetic polymorphisms associated with heart failure: A literature review. J Int Med Res. 44:15–29. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Oni-Orisan A and Lanfear DE: Pharmacogenomics in heart failure: Where are we now and how can we reach clinical application? Cardiol Rev. 22:193–198. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Smith JG, Felix JF, Morrison AC, Kalogeropoulos A, Trompet S, Wilk JB, Gidölf O, Wang X, Morley M, Mendelson M, et al: Discovery of genetic variation on chromosome 5q22 associated with mortality in heart failure. PLoS Genet. 12(e1006034)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Iyngkaran P, Thomas MC, Johnson R, French J, Ilton M, McDonald P, Hare DL and Fatkin D: Contextualizing genetics for regional heart failure care. Curr Cardiol Rev. 12:231–242. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Beber AR, Polina ER, Biolo A, Santos BL, Gomes DC, La Porta VL, Olsen V, Clausell N, Rohde IE and Santos KG: Matrix metalloproteinase-2 polymorphisms in chronic heart failure: Relationship with susceptibility and long-term survival. PLoS One. 11(e0161666)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Taylor MR, Sun AY, Davis G, Fiuzat M, Liggett SB and Bristow MR: Race, common genetic variation, and therapeutic response disparities in heart failure. JACC Heart Fail. 2:561–572. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

MacRae CA: The genetics of congestive heart failure. Heart Fail Clin. 6:223–230. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Lindgren MP, Smith JG, Li X, Sundquist J, Sundquist K and Zoller B: Familial mortality risks in patients with heart failure-A Swedish Sibling Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 7(e010181)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Patel VB, Zhong JC, Grant MB and Oudit GY: Role of the ACE2/Angiotensin 1-7 axis of the renin-angiotensin system in heart failure. Circ Res. 118:1313–1326. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Hannah-Shmouni F, Seidelmann SB, Sirrs S, Mani A and Jacoby D: The genetic challenges and opportunities in advanced heart failure. Can J Cardiol. 31:1338–1350. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Chamsi-Pasha MA, Shao Z and Tang WH: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as a therapeutic target for heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 11:58–63. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Dadarlat A, Pop D, Procopciuc L and Buzoianu A: Links between Renin-angiotensin system genetic polymorphisms and leptin secretion in obese heart failure patients. Acta Endocrinol (Buchar). 14:274–279. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Santos RAS, Sampaio WO, Alzamora AC, Motta-Santos D, Alenina N, Bader M and Campagnole-Santos MJ: The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS Axis of the renin-angiotensin system: Focus on Angiotensin-(1-7). Physiol Rev. 98:505–553. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Yang J, Feng X, Zhou Q, Cheng W, Shang C, Han P, Lin CH, Chen HS, Quertermos T and Chang CP: Pathological Ace2-to-Ace enzyme switch in the stressed heart is transcriptionally controlled by the endothelial Brg1-FoxM1 complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 113:E5628–E5635. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Brodehl A, Ebbinghaus H, Deutsch MA, Gummert J, Gartner A, Ratnavadivel S and Milting H: Human induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes as models for genetic cardiomyopathies. Int J Mol Sci. 20(4381)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Husková Z, Kopkan L, Červenková L, Doleželová Š, Vaňourková Z, Škaroupková P, Nishiyama A, Kompanowska-Jezierska E, Sadowski J, Kramer HJ and Červenka L: Intrarenal alterations of the angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2/angiotensin 1-7 complex of the renin-angiotensin system do not alter the course of malignant hypertension in Cyp1a1-Ren-2 transgenic rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 43:438–449. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Úri K, Fagyas M, Mányiné Siket I, Kertész A, Csanádi Z, Sándorfi G, Clemens M, Fedor R, Papp Z, Édes I, et al: New perspectives in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) IV: Circulating ACE2 as a biomarker of systolic dysfunction in human hypertension and heart failure. PLoS One. 9(e87845)2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Luo Y, Liu C, Guan T, Li Y, Lai Y, Li F, Zhao M, Maimaiti T and Zeyaweiding A: Association of ACE2 genetic polymorphisms with hypertension-related target organ damages in south Xinjiang. Hypertens Res. 42:681–689. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Pan Y, Wang T, Li Y, Guan T, Lai Y, Shen Y, Zeyaweiding A, Maimaiti T, Li F, Zhao H and Liu C: Association of ACE2 polymorphisms with susceptibility to essential hypertension and dyslipidemia in Xinjiang, China. Lipids Health Dis. 17(241)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

He Y, Yang W, Liu S, Gan L, Zhang F, Mu C, Wang J, Qu L, Wang R, Deng J, et al: Interactions between angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 polymorphisms and high salt intake increase the risk of hypertension in the Chinese Wa population. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 10:11159–11168. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

Bosso M, Thanaraj TA, Abu-Farha M, Alanbaei M, Abubaker J and Al-Mulla F: The two faces of ACE2: The role of ACE2 receptor and its polymorphisms in hypertension and COVID-19. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 18:321–327. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Liu D, Chen Y, Zhang P, Zhong J, Jin L, Zhang C, Liu S, Wu S and Yu H: Association between circulating levels of ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-MAS axis and ACE2 gene polymorphisms in hypertensive patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 95(e3876)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Patel SK, Velkoska E, Freeman M, Wai B, Lancefield TF and Burrell LM: From gene to protein-experimental and clinical studies of ACE2 in blood pressure control and arterial hypertension. Front Physiol. 5(227)2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Liu C, Li Y, Guan T, Lai Y, Shen Y, Zeyaweiding A, Zhao H, Li F and Maimaiti T: ACE2 polymorphisms associated with cardiovascular risk in Uygurs with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 17(127)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Vašků A, Bienertová-Vašků J, Pařenica J, Goldbergová MP, Lipková J, Zlámal F, Kala P and Spinar J: ACE2 gene polymorphisms and invasively measured central pulse pressure in cardiac patients indicated for coronarography. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 14:220–226. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Patel SK, Wai B, Ord M, MacIsaac RJ, Grant S, Velkoska E, Panagiotopoulos S, Jerums G, Srivastava PM and Burrell LM: Association of ACE2 genetic variants with blood pressure, left ventricular mass, and cardiac function in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes. Am J Hypertens. 25:216–222. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Lieb W, Graf J, Götz A, König IR, Mayer B, Fischer M, Stritzke J, Hengstenberg C, Holmer SR, Döring A, et al: Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) gene polymorphisms with parameters of left ventricular hypertrophy in men. Results of the MONICA Augsburg echocardiographic substudy. J Mol Med (Berl). 84:88–96. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Niu J, Azfer A, Deucher MF, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ and Kolattukudy PE: Targeted cardiac expression of soluble Fas prevents the development of heart failure in mice with cardiac-specific expression of MCP-1. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 40:810–820. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Matsuda S, Umemoto S, Yoshimura K, Itoh S, Murata T, Fukai T and Matsuzaki M: Angiotensin activates MCP-1 and induces cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction via toll-like receptor 4. J Atheroscler Thromb. 22:833–844. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Piotrowski P, Lianeri M, Gasik R, Roszak A, Olesińska M and Jagodziński PP: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-2518 A/G single nucleotide polymorphism might be associated with renal disease and thrombocytopenia of SLE. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010(130265)2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Kaur R, Matharoo K, Arora P and Bhanwer AJ: Association of -2518A>G promoter polymorphism in the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) gene with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers. 17:750–755. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Penz P, Bucova M, Lietava J, Blazicek P, Paulovicova E, Mrazek F, Bernadic M, Buckingham TA and Petrek M: MCP-1-2518 A/G gene polymorphism is associated with blood pressure in ischemic heart disease asymptomatic subjects. Bratisl Lek Listy. 111:420–425. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

Cai G, Zhang B, Weng W, Shi G and Huang Z: The associations between the MCP-1-2518 A/G polymorphism and ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke: A meta-analysis of 28 research studies involving 21,524 individuals. Mol Biol Rep. 42:997–1012. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Goldstein SA, Kuznetsova T, et al: Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: An update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 16:233–270. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JG, Coats AJ, Falk V, González-Juanatey JR, Harjola VP, Jankowska EA, et al: 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 37:2129–2200. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Takano H, Hasegawa H, Nagai T and Komuro I: Implication of cardiac remodeling in heart failure: Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Intern Med. 42:465–469. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Konstam MA, Kronenberg MW, Rousseau MF, Udelson JE, Melin J, Stewart D, Dolan N, Edens TR, Ahn S, Kinan D, et al: Effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril on the long-term progression of left ventricular dilatation in patients with asymptomatic systolic dysfunction. SOLVD (Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction) Investigators. Circulation. 88:2277–2283. 1993.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Doughty RN, Whalley GA, Gamble G, MacMahon S and Sharpe N: Effects of carvedilol on left ventricular regional wall motion in patients with heart failure caused by ischemic heart disease. Australia-New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group. J Card Fail. 6:11–18. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Colucci WS, Kolias TJ, Adams KF, Armstrong WF, Ghali JK, Gottlieb SS, Greenberg B, Kilbaner MI, Kukin ML and Sugg JE: REVERT Study Group. Metoprolol reverses left ventricular remodeling in patients with asymptomatic systolic dysfunction: The REversal of VEntricular Remodeling with Toprol-XL (REVERT) trial. Circulation. 116:49–56. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Waagstein F, Strömblad O, Andersson B, Böhm M, Darius M, Delius W, Goss F, Osterziel KJ, Sigmund M, Trenkwalder SP and Wahlqvist I: Increased exercise ejection fraction and reversed remodeling after long-term treatment with metoprolol in congestive heart failure: A randomized, stratified, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in mild to moderate heart failure due to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail. 5:679–691. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Cohn JN, Ferrari R and Sharpe N: Cardiac remodeling-concepts and clinical implications: A consensus paper from an international forum on cardiac remodeling. Behalf of an International Forum on Cardiac Remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol. 35:569–582. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Ferrario CM: Cardiac remodelling and RAS inhibition. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 10:162–171. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Bauters C, Dubois E, Porouchani S, Saloux E, Fertin M, de Groote P, Lamblin N and Pinet F: Long-term prognostic impact of left ventricular remodeling after a first myocardial infarction in modern clinical practice. PLoS One. 12(e0188884)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Ortlepp JR, Vesper K, Mevissen V, Schmitz F, Janssens U, Franke A, Hanrath P, Weber C, Zerres K and Hoffmann R: Chemokine receptor (CCR2) genotype is associated with myocardial infarction and heart failure in patients under 65 years of age. J Mol Med (Berl). 81:363–367. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Szalai C, Duba J, Prohászka Z, Kalina A, Szabó T, Nagy B, Horváth L and Császár A: Involvement of polymorphisms in the chemokine system in the susceptibility for coronary artery disease (CAD). Coincidence of elevated Lp(a) and MCP-1-2518 G/G genotype in CAD patients. Atherosclerosis. 158:233–239. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Nyquist PA, Winkler CA, McKenzie LM, Yanek LR, Becker LC and Becker DM: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and its receptor act synergistically to increase the risk of carotid atherosclerosis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 28:124–130. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Kerget B, Araz O, Erdem HB and Akgün M: The frequency of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene polymorphism in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Lung. 197:585–592. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Sardana M, Lessard D, Tsao CW, Parikh NI, Barton BA, Nah G, Thomas RC, Cheng S, Schiller NB, Aragam JR, et al: Association of left atrial function index with atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular disease: The Framingham Offspring Study. Journal of the American Heart Association 7, 2018.

Froehlich L, Meyre P, Aeschbacher S, Blum S, Djokic D, Kuehne M, Osswald S, Kaufmann BA and Conen D: Left atrial dimension and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with and without atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 105:1884–1891. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Vaziri SM, Larson MG, Lauer MS, Benjamin EJ and Levy D: Influence of blood pressure on left atrial size. The Framingham Heart Study. Hypertension. 25:1155–1160. 1995.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Rusinaru D, Tribouilloy C, Grigioni F, Avierinos JF, Suri RM, Barbieri A, Szymanski C, Ferlito M, Michelena H, Tafanelli L, et al: Left atrial size is a potent predictor of mortality in mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflets: Results from a large international multicenter study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 4:473–481. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Shenasa M and Shenasa H: Hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and sudden cardiac death. Int J Cardiol. 237:60–63. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Stewart MH, Lavie CJ, Shah S, Englert J, Gilliland Y, Qamruddin S, Dinshaw H, Cash M, Ventura H and Milani R: Prognostic implications of left ventricular hypertrophy. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 61:446–455. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Thomas MC, Pickering RJ, Tsorotes D, Koitka A, Sheehy K, Bernardi S, Toffoli B, Nguyen-Huu TC, Head GA, Fu Y, et al: Genetic Ace2 deficiency accentuates vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis in the ApoE knockout mouse. Circ Res. 107:888–897. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Alghamri MS, Weir NM, Anstadt MP, Elased KM, Gurley SB and Morris M: Enhanced angiotensin II-induced cardiac and aortic remodeling in ACE2 knockout mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 18:138–151. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Goulter AB, Goddard MJ, Allen JC and Clark KL: ACE2 gene expression is up-regulated in the human failing heart. BMC Med. 2(19)2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Burrell LM, Risvanis J, Kubota E, Dean RG, MacDonald PS, Lu S, Tikellis C, Grant SL, Lew RA, Smith AI, et al: Myocardial infarction increases ACE2 expression in rat and humans. Eur Heart J. 26:369–375; discussion 22-24. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Epelman S, Tang WH, Chen SY, Van Lente F, Francis GS and Sen S: Detection of soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in heart failure: Insights into the endogenous counter-regulatory pathway of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. J Am Coll Cardiol. 52:750–754. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Blackwood EM and Kadonaga JT: Going the distance: A current view of enhancer action. Science. 281:60–63. 1998.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Horikawa Y, Oda N, Cox NJ, Li X, Orho-Melander M, Hara M, Hinokio Y, Lindner TH, Mashima H, Schwarz PE, et al: Genetic variation in the gene encoding calpain-10 is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Genet. 26:163–175. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Tokuhiro S, Yamada R, Chang X, Suzuki A, Kochi Y, Sawada T, Suzuki M, Nagasaki M, Ohtsuki M, Ono M, et al: An intronic SNP in a RUNX1 binding site of SLC22A4, encoding an organic cation transporter, is associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Genet. 35:341–348. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Zhao Q, Gu D, Kelly TN, Hixson JE, Rao DC, Jaquish CE, Chen J, Huang J, Chen CS, Gu CC, et al: Association of genetic variants in the apelin-APJ system and ACE2 with blood pressure responses to potassium supplementation: The GenSalt study. Am J Hypertens. 23:606–613. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Fan X, Wang Y, Sun K, Zhang W, Yang X, Wang S, Zhen Y, Wang J, Li W, Han Y, et al: Polymorphisms of ACE2 gene are associated with essential hypertension and antihypertensive effects of Captopril in women. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 82:187–196. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Chen YY, Liu D, Zhang P, Zhong JC, Zhang CJ, Wu SL, Zhang YQ, Liu GZ, He M, Jin LJ and Yu HM: Impact of ACE2 gene polymorphism on antihypertensive efficacy of ACE inhibitors. J Hum Hypertens. 30:766–771. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar