Ezzedine K, Eleftheriadou V, Whitton M and van Geel N: Vitiligo. Lancet. 386:74–84. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Krüger C and Schallreuter KU: A review of the worldwide prevalence of vitiligo in children/adolescents and adults. Int J Dermatol. 51:1206–1212. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Gauthier Y, Cario Andre M and Taïeb A: A critical appraisal of vitiligo etiologic theories. Is melanocyte loss a melanocytorrhagy? Pigment Cell Res. 16:322–332. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

D'Mello SA, Finlay GJ, Baguley BC and Askarian-Amiri ME: Signaling pathways in melanogenesis. Int J Mol Sci. 17(1144)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Videira IF, Moura DF and Magina S: Mechanisms regulating melanogenesis. An Bras Dermatol. 88:76–83. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Costin GE and Hearing VJ: Human skin pigmentation: Melanocytes modulate skin color in response to stress. FASEB J. 21:976–994. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Hara M, Toyoda M, Yaar M, Bhawan J, Avila EM, Penner IR and Gilchrest BA: Innervation of melanocytes in human skin. J Exp Med. 184:1385–1395. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Ohbayashi N and Fukuda M: Recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of melanogenesis in melanocytes. F1000Res 9: F1000 Faculty Rev-608, 2020.

Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S and Wortsman J: Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation. Physiol Rev. 84:1155–1228. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Slominski A, Zmijewski MA and Pawelek J: L-tyrosine and L-dihydroxyphenylalanine as hormone-like regulators of melanocyte functions. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 25:14–27. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Iannella G, Greco A, Didona D, Didona B, Granata G, Manno A, Pasquariello B and Magliulo G: Vitiligo: Pathogenesis, clinical variants and treatment approaches. Autoimmun Rev. 15:335–343. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Boniface K, Seneschal J, Picardo M and Taïeb A: Vitiligo: Focus on clinical aspects, immunopathogenesis, and therapy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 54:52–67. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Kundu RV, Mhlaba JM, Rangel SM and Le Poole IC: The convergence theory for vitiligo: A reappraisal. Exp Dermatol. 28:647–655. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Moretti S, Spallanzani A, Amato L, Hautmann G, Gallerani I and Fabbri P: Vitiligo and epidermal microenvironment: Possible involvement of keratinocyte-derived cytokines. Arch Dermatol. 138:273–274. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Rodrigues M, Ezzedine K, Hamzavi I, Pandya AG, Harris JE and Group VW: New discoveries in the pathogenesis and classification of vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 77:1–13. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Passeron T: Medical and maintenance treatments for vitiligo. Dermatol Clin. 35:163–170. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Whitton ME, Pinart M, Batchelor J, Leonardi-Bee J, González U, Jiyad Z, Eleftheriadou V and Ezzedine K: Interventions for vitiligo. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (CD003263)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar : doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003263.pub5.

Taieb A, Alomar A, Böhm M, Dell'anna ML, De Pase A, Eleftheriadou V, Ezzedine K, Gauthier Y, Gawkrodger DJ, Jouary T, et al: Guidelines for the management of vitiligo: The European dermatology forum consensus. Br J Dermatol. 168:5–19. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Gawkrodger DJ, Ormerod AD, Shaw L, Mauri-Sole I, Whitton ME, Watts MJ, Anstey AV, Ingham J, Young K, Therapy Guidelines and Audit Subcommittee: British Association of Dermatologists et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and management of vitiligo. Br J Dermatol. 159:1051–1076. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Njoo MD, Spuls PI, Bos JD, Westerhof W and Bossuyt PM: Nonsurgical repigmentation therapies in vitiligo. Meta-analysis of the literature. Arch Dermatol. 134:1532–1540. 1998.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Faria AR, Tarlé RG, Dellatorre G, Mira MT and Castro CC: Vitiligo-Part 2-classification, histopathology and treatment. An Bras Dermatol. 89:784–790. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Rodrigues M, Ezzedine K, Hamzavi I, Pandya AG, Harris JE and Group VW: Current and emerging treatments for vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 77:17–29. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Bleuel R and Eberlein B: Therapeutic management of vitiligo. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 16:1309–1313. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Lotti T, Agarwal K, Podder I, Satolli F, Kassir M, Schwartz RA, Wollina U, Grabbe S, Navarini AA, Mueller SM and Goldust M: Safety of the current drug treatments for vitiligo. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 19:499–511. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Kwinter J, Pelletier J, Khambalia A and Pope E: High-potency steroid use in children with vitiligo: A retrospective study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 56:236–241. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Ballona R: ‘Soft steroids’ o corticoides suaves en Dermatología Pediátrica. Dermatol Pediatr Lat. 3:150–157. 2005.

Felsten LM, Alikhan A and Petronic-Rosic V: Vitiligo: A comprehensive overview Part II: Treatment options and approach to treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 65:493–514. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Lee JH, Kwon HS, Jung HM, Lee H, Kim GM, Yim HW and Bae JM: Treatment outcomes of topical calcineurin inhibitor therapy for patients with vitiligo: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 155:929–938. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Chang HC, Hsu YP and Huang YC: The effectiveness of topical calcineurin inhibitors compared with topical corticosteroids in the treatment of vitiligo: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 82:243–245. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Ebrahim HM, Elkot R and Albalate W: Combined microneedling with tacrolimus vs. tacrolimus monotherapy for vitiligo treatment. J Dermatolog Treat: Feb 11, 2020 (Epub ahead of print).

Abd-Elazim NE, Yassa HA and Mahran AM: Microdermabrasion and topical tacrolimus: A novel combination therapy of vitiligo. J Cosmet Dermatol. 19:1447–1455. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Bikle D and Christakos S: New aspects of vitamin D metabolism and action-addressing the skin as source and target. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 16:234–252. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Holick MF: Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 357:266–281. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Slominski AT, Kim TK, Hobrath JV, Oak ASW, Tang EKY, Tieu EW, Li W, Tuckey RC and Jetten AM: Endogenously produced nonclassical vitamin D hydroxy-metabolites act as ‘biased’ agonists on VDR and inverse agonists on RORα and RORγ. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 173:42–56. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Slominski AT, Chaiprasongsuk A, Janjetovic Z, Kim TK, Stefan J, Slominski RM, Hanumanthu VS, Raman C, Qayyum S, Song Y, et al: Photoprotective properties of Vitamin D and lumisterol hydroxyderivatives. Cell Biochem Biophys. 78:165–180. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Slominski AT, Kim TK, Takeda Y, Janjetovic Z, Brozyna AA, Skobowiat C, Wang J, Postlethwaite A, Li W, Tuckey RC and Jetten AM: RORα and RORγ are expressed in human skin and serve as receptors for endogenously produced noncalcemic 20-hydroxy- and 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D. FASEB J. 28:2775–2789. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Slominski RM, Tuckey RC, Manna PR, Jetten AM, Postlethwaite A, Raman C and Slominski AT: Extra-adrenal glucocorticoid biosynthesis: Implications for autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Genes Immun. 21:150–168. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Aranow C: Vitamin D and the immune system. J Investig Med. 59:881–886. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Chiavérini C, Passeron T and Ortonne JP: Treatment of vitiligo by topical calcipotriol. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 16:137–138. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Rodríguez-Martín M, García Bustínduy M, Sáez Rodríguez M and Noda Cabrera A: Randomized, double-blind clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of topical tacalcitol and sunlight exposure in the treatment of adult nonsegmental vitiligo. Br J Dermatol. 160:409–414. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Kumaran MS, Kaur I and Kumar B: Effect of topical calcipotriol, betamethasone dipropionate and their combination in the treatment of localized vitiligo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 20:269–273. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Ibrahim ZA, Hassan GF, Elgendy HY and Al-Shenawy HA: Evaluation of the efficacy of transdermal drug delivery of calcipotriol plus betamethasone versus tacrolimus in the treatment of vitiligo. J Cosmet Dermatol. 18:581–588. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Naini FF, Shooshtari AV, Ebrahimi B and Molaei R: The effect of pseudocatalase/superoxide dismutase in the treatment of vitiligo: A pilot study. J Res Pharm Pract. 1:77–80. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Schallreuter KU, Krüger C, Würfel BA, Panske A and Wood JM: From basic research to the bedside: Efficacy of topical treatment with pseudocatalase PC-KUS in 71 children with vitiligo. Int J Dermatol. 47:743–753. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Bakis-Petsoglou S, Le Guay JL and Wittal R: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of pseudocatalase cream and narrowband ultraviolet B in the treatment of vitiligo. Br J Dermatol. 161:910–917. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Alshiyab DM, Al-Qarqaz FA, Muhaidat JM, Alkhader YS, Al-Sheyab RF and Jafaar SI: Comparison of the efficacy of Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment and Tacrolimus 0.1% plus topical pseudocatalase/superoxide dismutase gel in children with limited vitiligo: A randomized controlled trial. J Dermatolog Treat: Feb 11, 2020 (Epub ahead of print).

Agarwal K, Podder I, Kassir M, Vojvodic A, Schwartz RA, Wollina U, Valle Y, Lotti T, Rokni GR, Grabbe S and Goldust M: Therapeutic options in vitiligo with special emphasis on immunomodulators: A comprehensive update with review of literature. Dermatol Ther. 33(e13215)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Tsuji T and Hamada T: Topically administered fluorouracil in vitiligo. Arch Dermatol. 119:722–727. 1983.PubMed/NCBI

Abdelwahab M, Salah M, Samy N, Rabie A and Farrag A: Effect of Topical 5-fluorouracil alone versus its combination with erbium:YAG (2940 nm) laser in treatment of vitiligo. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 13:77–85. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Sethi S, Mahajan BB, Gupta RR and Ohri A: Comparative evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of dermabrasion, dermabrasion combined with topical 5% 5-fluorouracil cream, and dermabrasion combined with topical placentrex gel in localized stable vitiligo. Int J Dermatol. 46:875–879. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Anbar T, Westerhof W, Abdel-Rahman A, El-Khayyat M and El-Metwally Y: Treatment of periungual vitiligo with erbium-YAG-laser plus 5-flurouracil: A left to right comparative study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 5:135–139. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Mohamed HA, Mohammed GF, Gomaa AH and Eyada MM: Carbon dioxide laser plus topical 5-fluorouracil: A new combination therapeutic modality for acral vitiligo. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 17:216–223. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Mina M, Elgarhy L, Al-Saeid H and Ibrahim Z: Comparison between the efficacy of microneedling combined with 5-fluorouracil vs. microneedling with tacrolimus in the treatment of vitiligo. J Cosmet Dermatol. 17:744–751. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Abdelmaksoud A, Dave DD, Lotti T and Vestita M: Topical methotrexate 1% gel for treatment of vitiligo: A case report and review of the literature. Dermatol Ther. 32(e13013)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Eldelee SA, Gheida SF, Sarhan NI, Ibrahim ZA and Elfar NN: Evaluation of the effect of combined intralesional injection of prostaglandin F2α with narrow band UVB phototherapy in treatment of resistant cases of vitiligo. J Dermatolog Treat: Sep 4, 2019 (Epub ahead of print).

Jha AK, Prasad S and Sinha R: Bimatoprost ophthalmic solution in facial vitiligo. J Cosmet Dermatol. 17:437–440. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Kanokrungsee S, Pruettivorawongse D and Rajatanavin N: Clinical outcomes of topical bimatoprost for nonsegmental facial vitiligo: A preliminary study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 20:812–818. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Nowroozpoor Dailami K, Hosseini A, Rahmatpour Rokni G, Saeedi M, Morteza-Semnani K, Sadeghi Z, Ghasemzadeh Diva SM, Goldust M, Lotti T, Vojvodic A, et al: Efficacy of topical latanoprost in the treatment of eyelid vitiligo: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial study. Dermatol Ther. 33(e13175)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Kamala Subhashini P, Sankar K, Chandrakala K and Venkataramana V: Comparative study of efficacy and safety of topical active fragment of basic fibroblast growth factor (B FGF) 0.1% solution V/S betamethasone valerate 0.1% ointment in the treatment of vitiligo patients. IOSR J Dental Med Sci. 14:41–47. 2015.

Shah B, Godse K, Mahajan S, Grandhi S, Shendkar S, Sharma A, Teli C, Pathak R and Parsad D: Efficacy and safety of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) related decapeptide solution plus Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment versus Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment in the treatment of stable vitiligo. Dermatol Ther. 32(e13109)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Liu LY, Strassner JP, Refat MA, Harris JE and King BA: Repigmentation in vitiligo using the Janus kinase inhibitor tofacitinib may require concomitant light exposure. J Am Acad Dermatol. 77:675–682.e671. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Hamzavi I, Jain H, McLean D, Shapiro J, Zeng H and Lui H: Parametric modeling of narrowband UV-B phototherapy for vitiligo using a novel quantitative tool: The Vitiligo Area Scoring Index. Arch Dermatol. 140:677–683. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Rothstein B, Joshipura D, Saraiya A, Abdat R, Ashkar H, Turkowski Y, Sheth V, Huang V, Au SC, Kachuk C, et al: Treatment of vitiligo with the topical Janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib. J Am Acad Dermatol. 76:1054–1060.e1. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Rosmarin D, Pandya AG, Lebwohl M, Grimes P, Hamzavi I, Gottlieb AB, Butler K, Kuo F, Sun K, Ji T, et al: Ruxolitinib cream for treatment of vitiligo: A randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 396:110–120. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Mobasher P, Guerra R, Li SJ, Frangos J, Ganesan AK and Huang V: Open-label pilot study of tofacitinib 2% for the treatment of refractory vitiligo. Br J Dermatol. 182:1047–1049. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Kim SM, Lee HS and Hann SK: The efficacy of low-dose oral corticosteroids in the treatment of vitiligo patients. Int J Dermatol. 38:546–550. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Seiter S, Ugurel S, Tilgen W and Reinhold U: Use of high-dose methylprednisolone pulse therapy in patients with progressive and stable vitiligo. Int J Dermatol. 39:624–627. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Imamura S and Tagami H: Treatment of vitiligo with oral corticosteroids. Dermatology. 153:179–185. 1976.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Banerjee K, Barbhuiya JN, Ghosh AP, Dey SK and Karmakar PR: The efficacy of low-dose oral corticosteroids in the treatment of vitiligo patient. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 69:135–137. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

Pasricha JS and Khaitan BK: Oral mini-pulse therapy with betamethasone in vitiligo patients having extensive or fast-spreading disease. Int J Dermatol. 32:753–757. 1993.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Kanwar AJ, Mahajan R and Parsad D: Low-dose oral mini-pulse dexamethasone therapy in progressive unstable vitiligo. J Cutan Med Surg. 17:259–268. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Radakovic-Fijan S, Fürnsinn-Friedl AM, Hönigsmann H and Tanew A: Oral dexamethasone pulse treatment for vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 44:814–817. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Majid I, Imran S and Batool S: Apremilast is effective in controlling the progression of adult vitiligo: A case series. Dermatol Ther. 32(e12923)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Huff SB and Gottwald LD: Repigmentation of tenacious vitiligo on apremilast. Case Rep Dermatol Med. 2017(2386234)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Craiglow BG and King BA: Tofacitinib citrate for the treatment of vitiligo: A pathogenesis-directed therapy. JAMA Dermatol. 151:1110–1112. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Komnitski M, Komnitski A, Komnitski Junior A and Silva de Castro CC: Partial repigmentation of vitiligo with tofacitinib, without exposure to ultraviolet radiation. An Bras Dermatol. 95:473–476. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Scheinberg M, Ferreira SB and Santos DDCB: Tofacitinib-induced remission simultaneously in arthritis and vitiligo. Eur J Rheumatol. 8:55–56. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Song X, Xu A, Pan W, Wallin B, Kivlin R, Lu S, Cao C, Bi Z and Wan Y: Minocycline protects melanocytes against H2O2-induced cell death via JNK and p38 MAPK pathways. Int J Mol Med. 22:9–16. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

Parsad D and Kanwar A: Oral minocycline in the treatment of vitiligo-a preliminary study. Dermatol Ther. 23:305–307. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Singh A, Kanwar AJ, Parsad D and Mahajan R: Randomized controlled study to evaluate the effectiveness of dexamethasone oral minipulse therapy versus oral minocycline in patients with active vitiligo vulgaris. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 80:29–35. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Njoo MD, Das PK, Bos JD and Westerhof W: Association of the Kobner phenomenon with disease activity and therapeutic responsiveness in vitiligo vulgaris. Arch Dermatol. 135:407–413. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Siadat AH, Zeinali N, Iraji F, Abtahi-Naeini B, Nilforoushzadeh MA, Jamshidi K and Khosravani P: Narrow-band ultraviolet B versus oral minocycline in treatment of unstable vitiligo: A prospective comparative trial. Dermatol Res Pract. 2014(240856)2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Al-Kuraishy H, Hussian N, Al-Naimi M and Al-Gareeb A: Statins role in vitiligo: A mini-review. Turkish J Dermatol. 14:1–7. 2020.

Agarwal P, Rashighi M, Essien KI, Richmond JM, Randall L, Pazoki-Toroudi H, Hunter CA and Harris JE: Simvastatin prevents and reverses depigmentation in a mouse model of vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol. 135:1080–1088. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Nguyen S, Chuah SY, Fontas E, Khemis A, Jhingan A, Thng STG and Passeron T: Atorvastatin in combination with narrowband UV-B in adult patients with active vitiligo: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 154:725–726. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Iraji F, Banihashemi SH, Faghihi G, Shahmoradi Z, Tajmirriahi N and Jazi SB: A comparison of betamethasone valerate 0.1% cream twice daily plus oral simvastatin versus betamethasone valerate 0.1% Cream alone in the treatment of vitiligo patients. Adv Biomed Res. 6(34)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Noël M, Gagné C, Bergeron J, Jobin J and Poirier P: Positive pleiotropic effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor on vitiligo. Lipids Health Dis. 3(7)2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Vanderweil SG, Amano S, Ko WC, Richmond JM, Kelley M, Senna MM, Pearson A, Chowdary S, Hartigan C, Barton B and Harris JE: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase-II clinical trial to evaluate oral simvastatin as a treatment for vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 76:150–151.e3. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Alghamdi K and Khurrum H: Methotrexate for the treatment of generalized vitiligo. Saudi Pharm J. 21:423–424. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Garza-Mayers AC and Kroshinsky D: Low-dose methotrexate for vitiligo. J Drugs Dermatol. 16:705–706. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

Nageswaramma S, Vani T and Indira N: Efficacy of methotrexate in vitiligo. IOSR J Dental Med Sci. 17:16–19. 2018.

Singh H, Kumaran MS, Bains A and Parsad D: A randomized comparative study of oral corticosteroid minipulse and low-dose oral methotrexate in the treatment of unstable vitiligo. Dermatology. 231:286–290. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

ElGhareeb MI, Metwalli M and AbdelMoneim N: Combination of oral methotrexate and oral mini-pulse dexamethasone vs. either agent alone in vitiligo treatment with follow up by dermoscope. Dermatol Ther. 33(e13586)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Madarkar M, Ankad B and Manjula R: Comparative study of safety and efficacy of oral betamethasone pulse therapy and azathioprine in vitiligo. Clin Dermatol Rev. 3:121–125. 2019.

Radmanesh M and Saedi K: The efficacy of combined PUVA and low-dose azathioprine for early and enhanced repigmentation in vitiligo patients. J Dermatolog Treat. 17:151–153. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Taneja A, Kumari A, Vyas K, Khare AK, Gupta LK and Mittal AK: Cyclosporine in treatment of progressive vitiligo: An open-label, single-arm interventional study. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 85:528–531. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Mutalik S, Shah S, Sidwadkar V and Khoja M: Efficacy of cyclosporine after autologous noncultured melanocyte transplantation in localized stable vitiligo-a pilot, open label, comparative study. Dermatol Surg. 43:1339–1347. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Bishnoi A, Vinay K, Kumaran MS and Parsad D: Oral mycophenolate mofetil as a stabilizing treatment for progressive non-segmental vitiligo: Results from a prospective, randomized, investigator-blinded pilot study. Arch Dermatol Res: Jul 31, 2020 (Epub ahead of print).

Slominski AT, Zmijewski MA, Plonka PM, Szaflarski JP and Paus R: How UV light touches the brain and endocrine system through skin, and Why. Endocrinology. 159:1992–2007. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Skobowiat C, Postlethwaite AE and Slominski AT: Skin exposure to ultraviolet B rapidly activates systemic neuroendocrine and immunosuppressive responses. Photochem Photobiol. 93:1008–1015. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Skobowiat C and Slominski AT: UVB activates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in C57BL/6 Mice. J Invest Dermatol. 135:1638–1648. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Wu CS, Yu CL, Lan CC and Yu HS: Narrow-band ultraviolet-B stimulates proliferation and migration of cultured melanocytes. Exp Dermatol. 13:755–763. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Mohammad TF, Al-Jamal M, Hamzavi IH, Harris JE, Leone G, Cabrera R, Lim HW, Pandya AG and Esmat SM: The Vitiligo Working Group recommendations for narrowband ultraviolet B light phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 76:879–888. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Bae JM, Jung HM, Hong BY, Lee JH, Choi WJ and Kim GM: Phototherapy for Vitiligo: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 153:666–674. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Li R, Qiao M, Wang X, Zhao X and Sun Q: Effect of narrow band ultraviolet B phototherapy as monotherapy or combination therapy for vitiligo: A Meta-analysis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 33:22–31. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Tovar-Garza A, Hinojosa JA, Hynan LS and Pandya AG: Addition of oral minipulse dexamethasone to narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy and topical steroids helps arrest disease activity in patients with vitiligo. Br J Dermatol. 180:193–194. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Phan K, Phan S, Shumack S and Gupta M: Repigmentation in vitiligo using Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors with phototherapy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dermatolog Treat: Apr 2, 2020 (Epub ahead of print).

Khemis A, Fontas E, Moulin S, Montaudié H, Lacour JP and Passeron T: Apremilast in Combination with narrowband UVB in the treatment of vitiligo: A 52-week monocentric prospective randomized placebo-controlled study. J Invest Dermatol. 140:1533–1537.e2. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Lim HW, Grimes PE, Agbai O, Hamzavi I, Henderson M, Haddican M, Linkner RV and Lebwohl M: Afamelanotide and narrowband UV-B phototherapy for the treatment of vitiligo: A randomized multicenter trial. JAMA Dermatol. 151:42–50. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Chang HC, Lin MH and Tsai HH: Efficacy of combination therapy with fractional carbon dioxide laser and Ultraviolet B phototherapy for vitiligo: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Aesthet Surg J. 40:NP46–NP50. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Wu CS, Lan CC, Wang LF, Chen GS and Yu HS: Effects of psoralen plus ultraviolet A irradiation on cultured epidermal cells in vitro and patients with vitiligo in vivo. Br J Dermatol. 156:122–129. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Parsad D, Kanwar AJ and Kumar B: Psoralen-ultraviolet A vs. narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy for the treatment of vitiligo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 20:175–177. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Bhatnagar A, Kanwar AJ, Parsad D and De D: Psoralen and ultraviolet A and narrow-band ultraviolet B in inducing stability in vitiligo, assessed by vitiligo disease activity score: An open prospective comparative study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 21:1381–1385. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Grimes PE: Psoralen photochemotherapy for vitiligo. Clin Dermatol. 15:921–926. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Karagaiah P, Valle Y, Sigova J, Zerbinati N, Vojvodic P, Parsad D, Schwartz RA, Grabbe S, Goldust M and Lotti T: Emerging drugs for the treatment of vitiligo. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 25:7–24. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Shi Q, Li K, Fu J, Wang Y, Ma C, Li Q, Li C and Gao T: Comparison of the 308-nm excimer laser with the 308-nm excimer lamp in the treatment of vitiligo-a randomized bilateral comparison study. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 29:27–33. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Do JE, Shin JY, Kim DY, Hann SK and Oh SH: The effect of 308nm excimer laser on segmental vitiligo: A retrospective study of 80 patients with segmental vitiligo. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 27:147–151. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Lopes C, Trevisani VF and Melnik T: Efficacy and safety of 308-nm monochromatic excimer lamp versus other phototherapy devices for vitiligo: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 17:23–32. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Bae JM, Hong BY, Lee JH, Lee JH and Kim GM: The efficacy of 308-nm excimer laser/light (EL) and topical agent combination therapy versus EL monotherapy for vitiligo: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). J Am Acad Dermatol. 74:907–915. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Lotti T, Wollina U, Tchernev G, Valle Y, Lotti J, França K, Satolli F, Rovesti M, Tirant M, Lozev I, et al: An innovative therapeutic protocol for vitiligo: Experience with the use of fraxel herbium laser, topical latanoprost and successive irradiation with UVA-1 laser. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 6:49–51. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Grimes PE and Nashawati R: Depigmentation therapies for vitiligo. Dermatol Clin. 35:219–227. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar