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Review Open Access

Actualities in immunological markers and electrochemical sensors for determination of dopamine and its metabolites in psychotic disorders (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Adela Magdalena Ciobanu
    • Luana Geza
    • Iulia Gabriela David
    • Dana Elena Popa
    • Mihaela Buleandra
    • Anton Alexandru Ciucu
    • Liana Dehelean
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, 041914 Bucharest, Romania, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania, Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, Centre for Cognitive Research in Neuropsychiatric Pathology, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
    Copyright: © Ciobanu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 888
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    Published online on: June 17, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10320
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Abstract

Psychotic disorders represent a serious health concern. At this moment, anamnestic data, international criteria for diagnosis/classification from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‑5 and the International Classification of Diseases‑10 and diagnostic scales are used to establish a diagnosis. The most commonly used biomarkers in psychotic illnesses are those regarding the neuroimmune system, metabolic abnormalities, neurotrophins and neurotransmitter systems and proteomics. A current issue faced by clinicians is the lack of biomarkers to help develop a more accurate diagnosis, with the possibility of initiating the most effective treatment. The detection of biological markers for psychosis has the potential to contribute to improvements in its diagnosis, prognosis and treatment effectiveness. The mixture of multiple biomarkers may improve the ability to differentiate and classify these patients. In this sense, the aim of this study was to analyze the literature concerning the potential biomarkers that could be used in medical practice and to review the newest developments in electrochemical sensors used for dopamine detection, one of the most important exploited biomarkers.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Ciobanu AM, Geza L, David IG, Popa DE, Buleandra M, Ciucu AA and Dehelean L: Actualities in immunological markers and electrochemical sensors for determination of dopamine and its metabolites in psychotic disorders (Review). Exp Ther Med 22: 888, 2021.
APA
Ciobanu, A.M., Geza, L., David, I.G., Popa, D.E., Buleandra, M., Ciucu, A.A., & Dehelean, L. (2021). Actualities in immunological markers and electrochemical sensors for determination of dopamine and its metabolites in psychotic disorders (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 22, 888. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10320
MLA
Ciobanu, A. M., Geza, L., David, I. G., Popa, D. E., Buleandra, M., Ciucu, A. A., Dehelean, L."Actualities in immunological markers and electrochemical sensors for determination of dopamine and its metabolites in psychotic disorders (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 22.2 (2021): 888.
Chicago
Ciobanu, A. M., Geza, L., David, I. G., Popa, D. E., Buleandra, M., Ciucu, A. A., Dehelean, L."Actualities in immunological markers and electrochemical sensors for determination of dopamine and its metabolites in psychotic disorders (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 22, no. 2 (2021): 888. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10320
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Ciobanu AM, Geza L, David IG, Popa DE, Buleandra M, Ciucu AA and Dehelean L: Actualities in immunological markers and electrochemical sensors for determination of dopamine and its metabolites in psychotic disorders (Review). Exp Ther Med 22: 888, 2021.
APA
Ciobanu, A.M., Geza, L., David, I.G., Popa, D.E., Buleandra, M., Ciucu, A.A., & Dehelean, L. (2021). Actualities in immunological markers and electrochemical sensors for determination of dopamine and its metabolites in psychotic disorders (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 22, 888. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10320
MLA
Ciobanu, A. M., Geza, L., David, I. G., Popa, D. E., Buleandra, M., Ciucu, A. A., Dehelean, L."Actualities in immunological markers and electrochemical sensors for determination of dopamine and its metabolites in psychotic disorders (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 22.2 (2021): 888.
Chicago
Ciobanu, A. M., Geza, L., David, I. G., Popa, D. E., Buleandra, M., Ciucu, A. A., Dehelean, L."Actualities in immunological markers and electrochemical sensors for determination of dopamine and its metabolites in psychotic disorders (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 22, no. 2 (2021): 888. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10320
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